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Abacus correct answers earliest computing device, finger-powered calculator
Algorithm correct answers a finite set of unambiguous instructions to solve a problem
Jacquard Loom correct answers used punch cards to later make into coding
Claude Shannon correct answers introduced application of Boolean Logic and was the father of
the modern information age
Von Neumann Architecture correct answers Basis for modern computers
Alan Turing correct answers Broke the Enigma Code
ENIAC correct answers Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer
Grace Murray Hopper correct answers cCreated first complier
Transistor correct answers Most important invention of 20th century, replaced bulky vacuum
tubes
Integrated Circuit correct answers - Many transistors on small surface
- lowered costs of computers
Margaret Hamilton correct answers - Pioneer for software engineering
- Led team that coded computers aiding in travel to the moon
Gordon Bell correct answers Developed "mini-computers"
2 main ways of representing information correct answers Analog and Digital
Analog Data correct answers - Continuous representation of data
- ex: thermometer
Digital Data correct answers - Discrete representation of data
- Easier to process on computers
- ex: digital clock
Conversion from Analog to Digital Data correct answers - Step 1. Sampling: turning continuous
data into discrete snapshots
- Step 2. Quantization: converts infinite range of values into finite one
Bit correct answers Binary digit, 0 or 1.
Byte correct answers Group of 8 bits
, ASCII correct answers American Standard Code for Information Interchange
Data compression techniques correct answers - Losseless
- Lossy
Keyword Encoding correct answers - Least effective lossless compression technique
- Replacing a frequently used word with a single character
- Doesn't have good compression ratio
Run-Length Encoding (RLE) correct answers - Lossless compression technique
- Repeated characters are replaced by flag character or single digit
Huffman encoding correct answers - Most effective lossless compression technique
- Uses binary string to represent a character
Digitizing Sound correct answers Involves taking samples at fixed sampling rate
Nyquist-Shannon correct answers Sampling theorem
Bit depth in sampling correct answers More bits = better sample quality
Audio compression techniques correct answers Lossless, Lossy, Codecs
FLAC Codec correct answers - Lossless; combo of RLE and Huffman
- Used for high quality audio
MP3 Codec correct answers - Lossy; uses Huffman and low bit rates
- Popular on mobile devices
AAC Codec correct answers - Lossy; uses Huffman and low bit rates
- Better than MP3
- Popular on smartphones
Pixel correct answers Dots of colour in an image
Resolution correct answers the number of pixels in a display device
Vector Graphics correct answers Image that is defined using mathematical equations
representing lines, curves, and polygons
Raster Graphics correct answers Composed of matrix of pixels, created by paint applications
GIF (Graphics Interchange Format) correct answers - Lossless indexed colour
PNG (Portable Network Graphics) correct answers - Lossless indexed colour and RLE
Abacus correct answers earliest computing device, finger-powered calculator
Algorithm correct answers a finite set of unambiguous instructions to solve a problem
Jacquard Loom correct answers used punch cards to later make into coding
Claude Shannon correct answers introduced application of Boolean Logic and was the father of
the modern information age
Von Neumann Architecture correct answers Basis for modern computers
Alan Turing correct answers Broke the Enigma Code
ENIAC correct answers Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer
Grace Murray Hopper correct answers cCreated first complier
Transistor correct answers Most important invention of 20th century, replaced bulky vacuum
tubes
Integrated Circuit correct answers - Many transistors on small surface
- lowered costs of computers
Margaret Hamilton correct answers - Pioneer for software engineering
- Led team that coded computers aiding in travel to the moon
Gordon Bell correct answers Developed "mini-computers"
2 main ways of representing information correct answers Analog and Digital
Analog Data correct answers - Continuous representation of data
- ex: thermometer
Digital Data correct answers - Discrete representation of data
- Easier to process on computers
- ex: digital clock
Conversion from Analog to Digital Data correct answers - Step 1. Sampling: turning continuous
data into discrete snapshots
- Step 2. Quantization: converts infinite range of values into finite one
Bit correct answers Binary digit, 0 or 1.
Byte correct answers Group of 8 bits
, ASCII correct answers American Standard Code for Information Interchange
Data compression techniques correct answers - Losseless
- Lossy
Keyword Encoding correct answers - Least effective lossless compression technique
- Replacing a frequently used word with a single character
- Doesn't have good compression ratio
Run-Length Encoding (RLE) correct answers - Lossless compression technique
- Repeated characters are replaced by flag character or single digit
Huffman encoding correct answers - Most effective lossless compression technique
- Uses binary string to represent a character
Digitizing Sound correct answers Involves taking samples at fixed sampling rate
Nyquist-Shannon correct answers Sampling theorem
Bit depth in sampling correct answers More bits = better sample quality
Audio compression techniques correct answers Lossless, Lossy, Codecs
FLAC Codec correct answers - Lossless; combo of RLE and Huffman
- Used for high quality audio
MP3 Codec correct answers - Lossy; uses Huffman and low bit rates
- Popular on mobile devices
AAC Codec correct answers - Lossy; uses Huffman and low bit rates
- Better than MP3
- Popular on smartphones
Pixel correct answers Dots of colour in an image
Resolution correct answers the number of pixels in a display device
Vector Graphics correct answers Image that is defined using mathematical equations
representing lines, curves, and polygons
Raster Graphics correct answers Composed of matrix of pixels, created by paint applications
GIF (Graphics Interchange Format) correct answers - Lossless indexed colour
PNG (Portable Network Graphics) correct answers - Lossless indexed colour and RLE
