Head and Neck Final Exam Comprehensive Test Bank | Updated/Latest 2025–2026 Complete Review Resource for Medical and Health Science Students. All Questions and Verified Answers Covering Anatomy, Physiology, Pathology, and Clinical Correlations. Structured

1. Enumerate the paranasal air sinuses with their draining sites. How
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maxillary hiatus is reduced? Mention their lining epithelium,
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development and functions of air sinuses. What is sinusitis?
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Paranasal air sinus:
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These/ are/ air/ filled/ cavities/ lined/ by/ muco-periosteum/ present/ within/ some/ bones/
around/ the/ nasal/ cavities.
Paranasal/ Air/ Sinus Draining/ Sites
1./ Frontal/ Air/ Sinuses/ (1/ pair) Anterior/ part/ of/ the/ middle/ meatus/
through/the/ethmoidal/infundibulum
or/ frontonasal/ duct
a./ Anterior/ (up/ to/ 2) Middle/ meatus/ through/ethmoidal/
2./Ethmoidal/ infundibulum
Air/ Sinuses b./ Middle/ (3) Middle/ meatus/ on/ or/ above/ the/ bulla
c./ Posterior/ (1-7) Superior/ meatus
3./ Sphenoidal/ Air/ Sinuses/ (1/ pair) Superior/ meatus
4./ Maxillary/ Air/ Sinuses/ (1/ pair) Middle/ meatus/ through/ the/ lowest
part/ of/ hiatus/ semilunaris


All/ the/ air/ sinuses/ drains/ into/ middle/ meatus/ except/ the/ posterior/ part/ of/ ethmoidal/
air/ sinus/ and/ sphenoidal/ air/ sinus/ which/ drains/ into/ superior/ meatus.

,Maxillary hiatus is reduced in living conditions by the following factors:
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Above:/ By/ uncinate/ process/ of/ Ethmoid/ bone/ and/ Lacrimal/ bone
Below:/ By/ inferior/ nasal/ concha
Behind:/ By/ maxillary/ process/ of/ perpendicular/ plate/ of/ Palatine/ bone./
It/ is/ further/ reduced/ by/ thick/ mucosa/ of/ the/ nasal/ cavity.

Lining epithelium of paranasal air sinuses:
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-/ Pseudostratified/ ciliated/ columnar/ epithelium.

Development:
Paranasal/ air/ sinuses/ developed/ as/ diverticula/ of/ the/ lateral/ nasal/ wall/ and/ extends/
into/ the/ maxilla,/ ethmoid,/ frontal/ and/ sphenoid/ bones.

Functions:
1. Lightening/ of/ the/ skull.
2. Humidification/ of/ ais
3. Resonance/ of/ voice
4. Gives/ the/ shape/ of/ the/ face.

Sinusitis:
Inflammation/ of/ mucosa/ of/ paranasal/ air/ sinuses/ producing/ inflammatory/ exudate/
or/ pus,/ is/ known/ as/ sinusitis.


2. Mention cartilages, lining epithelium and nerve supply of the larynx.
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Give a short description of interior of larynx (with diagram). What is
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hoarseness of voice? What is laryngitis?
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Cartilages of larynx:
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1. Unpaired/ cartilages:
a. Cricoid/ cartilage
b. Thyroid/ cartilage
c. Epiglottic/ cartilage
2. Paired/ cartilages:
a. Arytenoid/ cartilage
b. Cuneiform/ cartilage.
c. Corniculate/ cartilage

,Nice/ to/ know

[Types:
A. Elastic/ fibrocartilage:
Corniculate,/ cuneiform,/ epiglottic/ &/ the/ apices/ of/ the/ arytenoids.
B. Hyaline/ Cartilage:
Thyroid,/ Cricoid/ &/ greater/ part/ of/ the/ arytenoids.]

Lining epithelium of larynx:
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1. Anterior/ surface/ and/ upper/ part/ of/ the/ posterior/ surface/ of/ Epiglottis,/ upper/
part/ of/ the/ aryepiglottic/ folds/ and/ vocal/ fold/ are/ lined/ by/ Non-keratinized/
stratified/ squamous/ epithelium.
2. The/ rest/ of/ the/ larynx/ is/ lined/ by/ Pseudo-stratified/ ciliated/ columnar/
epithelium.




Nerve supply of larynx:
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Motor/ supply:
All/ the/ intrinsic/ and/ extrinsic/ muscles/ of/ larynx/ are/ supplied/ by/ Recurrent/
laryngeal/ nerve,/ except/ Cricothyroid/ which/ is/ supplied/ by/ External/ laryngeal/
nerve.
Sensory/ supply:
- Mucous/ membrane/ above/ the/ vocal/ fold/ is/ supplied/ by/ internal/ laryngeal/ nerve
- Below/ the/ vocal/ fold/ is/ supplied/ by/ Recurrent/ laryngeal/ nerve.
Autonomic/ Innervation:
- Parasympathetic / secretomotor/ fibers/ –/ run/ with/ both/ the/ superior/ and/ recurrent/
laryngeal/ nerves
- Postganglionic/ sympathetic/ fibers/ –/ Originate/ in/ the/ superior/ and/ middle/ cervical/
ganglia.

, Interior of larynx:
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Cavity/ of/ larynx/ extends/ from/ laryngeal/ inlet/ to/ the/ lower/ border/ of/ cricoid/
cartilage.
It/ is/ divided/ into/ 3/ parts/ by/ Vestibular/ and/ vocal/ folds,
i. Upper/ part/ or/ Vestibule/ of/ larynx:
- It/ extends/ from/ the/ laryngeal/ inlet/ to/ the/ vestibular/ folds./ Vestibular/ folds/ are/ the/
mucosal/ folds/ which/ project/ medially/ and/ the/ gap/ between/ two/ vestibular/ fold/ is/
known/ as/ “Rima/ vestibuli.”
ii. Middle/ part/ of/ Larynx:
- It/ extends/ from/ vestibular/ folds/ to/ vocal/ folds./ The/ gap/ between/ the/ vocal/ folds/ is/
known/ as/ “Rima/ Glottitis”./ A/ small/ recess/ between/ the/ vestibular/ and/ vocal/ fold/ is/
known/ as/ the/ sinus/ of/ larynx./ From/ it/ a/ small/ diverticulum/ passes/ upward/ called/
saccule/ of/ larynx.
iii. Lower/ part/ of/ larynx:
- It/ extends/ from/ vocal/ folds/ to/ the/ lower/ border/ of/ cricoid/ cartilage.