2026 BIOD 101 Module 1-6 Final Exam – 2026 | Portage Learning | Complete Verified
Q&As + Review Guide
This is the 2026/2027 Updated Comprehensive Review for the BIOD 101 Final Exam. It
integrates high-yield content from all six modules, covering Atomic Structure, Cellular
Biology, Molecular Genetics, Metabolism (ATP/Photosynthesis), Human Anatomy,
and Evolutionary Ecology. This guide includes verified Q&As and detailed rationales designed
to ensure mastery for students in nursing and pre-health programs.
1. Which of the following is the first step in the scientific method?
A. Hypothesis
B. Observation
C. Experimentation
D. Conclusion
Rationale: Observation is the initial spark where a researcher notices a phenomenon
before asking a question or forming a hypothesis.
2. An atom with a different number of neutrons than protons is called a(n):
A. Ion
B. Isotope
C. Molecule
D. Compound
Rationale: Isotopes are variants of a particular chemical element which differ in
neutron number.
3. Which subatomic particle determines the identity of an element?
A. Proton
B. Neutron
C. Electron
D. Positron
Rationale: The number of protons (atomic number) is unique to each element and
defines its identity.
4. A substance consisting of two or more different elements chemically bonded
together is a:
A. Mixture
B. Compound
2026 Question And ANSWER Latest Update
,C. Isotope
D. Colloid
Rationale: A compound is a distinct substance containing two or more elements in a
fixed ratio.
5. What type of bond is formed by the attraction between a slightly positive
hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom?
A. Ionic
B. Covalent
C. Hydrogen
D. Metallic
Rationale: Hydrogen bonds are weak intermolecular attractions occurring between a
hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom.
6. Which level of biological organization is defined as a group of similar cells
working together?
A. Organ
B. Tissue
C. Organelle
D. Population
Rationale: Tissues are groups of cells with a similar structure and function.
7. In a neutral atom, the number of protons is equal to the number of:
A. Neutrons
B. Electrons
C. Quarks
D. Nuclei
Rationale: For an atom to be electrically neutral, positive protons must be balanced
by negative electrons.
8. Which of the following is an example of a chemical change?
A. Ice melting
B. Iron rusting
C. Paper tearing
D. Sugar dissolving
Rationale: Rusting is a chemical reaction (oxidation) that results in a new substance.
9. The valence shell of an atom refers to its:
A. Inner shell
B. Outermost shell
C. Nucleus
2026 Question And ANSWER Latest Update
,D. Orbital path of neutrons
Rationale: The valence shell is the outermost electron shell and determines chemical
reactivity.
10. What is the pH of a neutral solution at 25°C?
A. 0
B. 7
C. 14
D. 1
Rationale: On the pH scale (0-14), 7 represents a neutral solution like pure water.
11. Which property of water allows it to resist changes in temperature?
A. Low density
B. High specific heat
C. Adhesion
D. Cohesion
Rationale: High specific heat means water absorbs significant energy before
changing temperature, aiding homeostasis.
12. The atomic mass of an element is primarily determined by adding:
A. Protons and electrons
B. Protons and neutrons
C. Neutrons and electrons
D. Protons only
Rationale: Protons and neutrons have significant mass (1 amu each), whereas
electrons have negligible mass.
13. A solution with a pH of 3 is considered:
A. Neutral
B. Basic
C. Acidic
D. Alkaline
Rationale: Solutions with a pH below 7 are acidic; those above 7 are basic.
14. What type of bond involves the unequal sharing of electrons?
A. Nonpolar covalent
B. Polar covalent
C. Ionic
D. Hydrogen
Rationale: In polar covalent bonds, one atom is more electronegative and pulls
electrons closer.
2026 Question And ANSWER Latest Update
, 15. Which of the following is NOT one of the four most common elements in living
organisms?
A. Carbon
B. Hydrogen
C. Iron
D. Oxygen
Rationale: The four most common are C, H, O, and Nitrogen (CHON). Iron is a trace
element.
16. The bond between sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl) in NaCl is:
A. Covalent
B. Ionic
C. Hydrogen
D. Polar
Rationale: Sodium loses an electron and Chlorine gains one, creating an Ionic
bond between ions.
17. What is the smallest unit of life?
A. Atom
B. Molecule
C. Organelle
D. Cell
Rationale: The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms.
18. Hydrophobic molecules are:
A. Water-loving
B. Water-fearing
C. Polar
D. Ionized
Rationale: Hydrophobic substances do not dissolve in water (e.g., fats/oils).
19. Which subatomic particle has no electrical charge?
A. Proton
B. Electron
C. Neutron
D. Ion
Rationale: Neutrons are neutral particles found in the nucleus.
20. A group of organisms of the same species living in a specific area is a:
A. Community
B. Population
2026 Question And ANSWER Latest Update
Q&As + Review Guide
This is the 2026/2027 Updated Comprehensive Review for the BIOD 101 Final Exam. It
integrates high-yield content from all six modules, covering Atomic Structure, Cellular
Biology, Molecular Genetics, Metabolism (ATP/Photosynthesis), Human Anatomy,
and Evolutionary Ecology. This guide includes verified Q&As and detailed rationales designed
to ensure mastery for students in nursing and pre-health programs.
1. Which of the following is the first step in the scientific method?
A. Hypothesis
B. Observation
C. Experimentation
D. Conclusion
Rationale: Observation is the initial spark where a researcher notices a phenomenon
before asking a question or forming a hypothesis.
2. An atom with a different number of neutrons than protons is called a(n):
A. Ion
B. Isotope
C. Molecule
D. Compound
Rationale: Isotopes are variants of a particular chemical element which differ in
neutron number.
3. Which subatomic particle determines the identity of an element?
A. Proton
B. Neutron
C. Electron
D. Positron
Rationale: The number of protons (atomic number) is unique to each element and
defines its identity.
4. A substance consisting of two or more different elements chemically bonded
together is a:
A. Mixture
B. Compound
2026 Question And ANSWER Latest Update
,C. Isotope
D. Colloid
Rationale: A compound is a distinct substance containing two or more elements in a
fixed ratio.
5. What type of bond is formed by the attraction between a slightly positive
hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom?
A. Ionic
B. Covalent
C. Hydrogen
D. Metallic
Rationale: Hydrogen bonds are weak intermolecular attractions occurring between a
hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom.
6. Which level of biological organization is defined as a group of similar cells
working together?
A. Organ
B. Tissue
C. Organelle
D. Population
Rationale: Tissues are groups of cells with a similar structure and function.
7. In a neutral atom, the number of protons is equal to the number of:
A. Neutrons
B. Electrons
C. Quarks
D. Nuclei
Rationale: For an atom to be electrically neutral, positive protons must be balanced
by negative electrons.
8. Which of the following is an example of a chemical change?
A. Ice melting
B. Iron rusting
C. Paper tearing
D. Sugar dissolving
Rationale: Rusting is a chemical reaction (oxidation) that results in a new substance.
9. The valence shell of an atom refers to its:
A. Inner shell
B. Outermost shell
C. Nucleus
2026 Question And ANSWER Latest Update
,D. Orbital path of neutrons
Rationale: The valence shell is the outermost electron shell and determines chemical
reactivity.
10. What is the pH of a neutral solution at 25°C?
A. 0
B. 7
C. 14
D. 1
Rationale: On the pH scale (0-14), 7 represents a neutral solution like pure water.
11. Which property of water allows it to resist changes in temperature?
A. Low density
B. High specific heat
C. Adhesion
D. Cohesion
Rationale: High specific heat means water absorbs significant energy before
changing temperature, aiding homeostasis.
12. The atomic mass of an element is primarily determined by adding:
A. Protons and electrons
B. Protons and neutrons
C. Neutrons and electrons
D. Protons only
Rationale: Protons and neutrons have significant mass (1 amu each), whereas
electrons have negligible mass.
13. A solution with a pH of 3 is considered:
A. Neutral
B. Basic
C. Acidic
D. Alkaline
Rationale: Solutions with a pH below 7 are acidic; those above 7 are basic.
14. What type of bond involves the unequal sharing of electrons?
A. Nonpolar covalent
B. Polar covalent
C. Ionic
D. Hydrogen
Rationale: In polar covalent bonds, one atom is more electronegative and pulls
electrons closer.
2026 Question And ANSWER Latest Update
, 15. Which of the following is NOT one of the four most common elements in living
organisms?
A. Carbon
B. Hydrogen
C. Iron
D. Oxygen
Rationale: The four most common are C, H, O, and Nitrogen (CHON). Iron is a trace
element.
16. The bond between sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl) in NaCl is:
A. Covalent
B. Ionic
C. Hydrogen
D. Polar
Rationale: Sodium loses an electron and Chlorine gains one, creating an Ionic
bond between ions.
17. What is the smallest unit of life?
A. Atom
B. Molecule
C. Organelle
D. Cell
Rationale: The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms.
18. Hydrophobic molecules are:
A. Water-loving
B. Water-fearing
C. Polar
D. Ionized
Rationale: Hydrophobic substances do not dissolve in water (e.g., fats/oils).
19. Which subatomic particle has no electrical charge?
A. Proton
B. Electron
C. Neutron
D. Ion
Rationale: Neutrons are neutral particles found in the nucleus.
20. A group of organisms of the same species living in a specific area is a:
A. Community
B. Population
2026 Question And ANSWER Latest Update
