1. Which statement best describes the cellular function of metabolic absorp- tion?
A. Cells can synthesize fats.
B. Cells can take in and use nutrients
C. Cells can secrete digestive enzymes.
ADVANCED D. Cells can produce proteins. ✔✔ correct answer B. Cells can take in and use nutrients
2. Where is most of a cell's genetic information, including RNA and DNA, con- tained?
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NS 838 – A. Lysosome
B. Mitochondria
C. Ribosome
NRS 838) COURSE- NURSING D. Nucleolus ✔✔ correct answer D. Nucleolus
3. Which cell component is capable of cellular autodigestion when it is released during cell injury?
CLASS AT CLARKSON COLLEGE A. Ribosome
B. Golgi complex
C. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
EXAM LATEST UPDATED D. Lysosomes ✔✔ correct answer D. Lysosomes
4. Which cAMP-mediated response is related to antidiuretic hormone?
VERSION 2026-2027 . A. Secretion of cortisol
B. Breakdown of fat
C. Increased heart rate and force of contraction
D. Increased retention of water ✔✔ correct answer D. Increased retention of water
5. Which type of cell adaptation occurs when normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial lining have
been replaced by stratified squamous epithe- lial cells?
A. Anaplasia
B. Hyperplasia
C. Dysplasia
D. Metaplasia ✔✔ correct answer D. Metaplasia
6. 1. What does the loss of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during ischemia cause cells to do?
,A. Shrink because of the influx of potassium chloride (KCl) 11. Why does obesity create a greater risk for dehydration in people?
B. Swell because of the influx of nitric oxide (NO) A. The metabolic rate of obese adults is slower than the rate of lean adults.
C. Shrink because of the influx of calcium (Ca) B. The rate of urine output of obese adults is higher than in lean adults.
D. Swell because of the influx of sodium chloride (NaCl) ✔✔ correct answer D. Swell because of the influx of sodium chloride (NaCl) C. The thirst receptors of the hypothalamus do not function effectively.
7. The mammary glands enlarge during pregnancy primarily as a consequence of what hormonal process? D. Adipose cells contain little water because fat is water repelling. ✔✔ correct answer D. Adipose cells contain little water
A. Dysplasia because fat is water repelling
B. Atrophy 12. A patient's blood gases reveal the following findings ✔✔ correct answer pH 7.3; bicarbonate (HCO3) 27
C. Anaplasia mEq/L; carbon dioxide (CO2) 58 mm Hg. What is the interpretation of these gases?
D. Hyperplasia ✔✔ correct answer D. Hyperplasia A. Respiratory acidosis
B. Metabolic alkalosis
8. Free radicals play a major role in the initiation and progression of which diseases?
A. Gastrointestinal diseases such as peptic ulcer disease and Crohn disease C. Metabolic acidosis
B. Cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension and ischemic heart disease D. Respiratory alkalosis ✔✔ correct answer A. Respiratory acidosis
C. Muscular disease such as muscular dystrophy and fibromyalgia 13. Water movement between the intracellular fluid (ICF) compartment and the extracellular fluid (ECF)
D. Renal diseases such as acute tubular necrosis and glomerulonephritis ✔✔ correct answer B. Cardiovascular compartment is primarily a function of what?
diseases such as hypertension and ischemic heart disease A. Plasma oncotic pressure
9. 1. How do free radicals cause cell damage? B. Hydrostatic forces
A. Transferring one of its charged, stabilized atoms to the cell membrane, which causes lysis C. Antidiuretic hormone
B. Stimulating the release of lysosomal enzymes that digest the cell mem- branes D. Osmotic forces ✔✔ correct answer D. Osmotic forces
C. Stealing the cell's oxygen to stabilize the electron, thus causing hypoxia
14. Venous obstruction is a cause of edema because of an increase in which pressure?
D. Giving up an electron, which causes injury to the chemical bonds of the cell membrane ✔✔ correct answer D. Giving up A. Interstitial oncotic
an electron, which causes injury to the chemical bonds of the cell membrane B. Capillary hydrostatic
10. Why are infants most susceptible to significant losses in total body water? C. Capillary oncotic
A. High body surface-to-body size ratio D. Interstitial hydrostatic ✔✔ correct answer B. Capillary hydrostatic
B. Slow metabolic rate
15. In somatic cell gene therapy, what type of vector is most commonly used to alter a specific set of an
C. Inability to communicate adequately when he or she is thirsty
individual's somatic cells?
D. Kidneys are not mature enough to counter fluid losses ✔✔ correct answer D. Kidneys are not mature enough to counter fluid A. Bacteria
losses B. RNA polymerase
C. Virus
, D. Recombinant DNA ✔✔ correct answer C. Virus
16. How is transcription best defined?
A. RNA directs the synthesis of polypeptides for protein synthesis.
B. RNA is synthesized from a DNA template.
C. A base pair substitution results in a mutation of the amino acid sequence.
D. DNA polymerase binds to the promoter site on ribonucleic acid (RNA). ✔✔ correct answer B. RNA is synthesized from
a DNA template.
17. An amniocentesis indicates a neural tube defect when an increase in which protein is evident?
A. Embryonic proteins
B. DNA polymerase
C. Cytochrome P-450
D. Alpha fetoprotein ✔✔ correct answer D. Alpha fetoprotein
18. The data reporting that sickle cell disease affects approximately 1 in 600 American blacks is an example
of which concept?
A. Prevalence
B. Incidence
C. Ratio
D. Risk ✔✔ correct answer A. Prevalence
19. The ratio of the disease among the exposed population to the disease rate in an unexposed population is
referred to as what type of risk.
A. Contingency
B. Casual
C. Relative
D. Attributable ✔✔ correct answer C. Relative
20. What are empirical risks for most multifactorial diseases based on? A.Chromosomal testing
B. Liability thresholds
C. Direct observation
D. Relative risks ✔✔ correct answer C. Direct observation
21. What is the cause of familial hypercholesterolemia (FH)?
A. Cells can synthesize fats.
B. Cells can take in and use nutrients
C. Cells can secrete digestive enzymes.
ADVANCED D. Cells can produce proteins. ✔✔ correct answer B. Cells can take in and use nutrients
2. Where is most of a cell's genetic information, including RNA and DNA, con- tained?
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NS 838 – A. Lysosome
B. Mitochondria
C. Ribosome
NRS 838) COURSE- NURSING D. Nucleolus ✔✔ correct answer D. Nucleolus
3. Which cell component is capable of cellular autodigestion when it is released during cell injury?
CLASS AT CLARKSON COLLEGE A. Ribosome
B. Golgi complex
C. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
EXAM LATEST UPDATED D. Lysosomes ✔✔ correct answer D. Lysosomes
4. Which cAMP-mediated response is related to antidiuretic hormone?
VERSION 2026-2027 . A. Secretion of cortisol
B. Breakdown of fat
C. Increased heart rate and force of contraction
D. Increased retention of water ✔✔ correct answer D. Increased retention of water
5. Which type of cell adaptation occurs when normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial lining have
been replaced by stratified squamous epithe- lial cells?
A. Anaplasia
B. Hyperplasia
C. Dysplasia
D. Metaplasia ✔✔ correct answer D. Metaplasia
6. 1. What does the loss of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during ischemia cause cells to do?
,A. Shrink because of the influx of potassium chloride (KCl) 11. Why does obesity create a greater risk for dehydration in people?
B. Swell because of the influx of nitric oxide (NO) A. The metabolic rate of obese adults is slower than the rate of lean adults.
C. Shrink because of the influx of calcium (Ca) B. The rate of urine output of obese adults is higher than in lean adults.
D. Swell because of the influx of sodium chloride (NaCl) ✔✔ correct answer D. Swell because of the influx of sodium chloride (NaCl) C. The thirst receptors of the hypothalamus do not function effectively.
7. The mammary glands enlarge during pregnancy primarily as a consequence of what hormonal process? D. Adipose cells contain little water because fat is water repelling. ✔✔ correct answer D. Adipose cells contain little water
A. Dysplasia because fat is water repelling
B. Atrophy 12. A patient's blood gases reveal the following findings ✔✔ correct answer pH 7.3; bicarbonate (HCO3) 27
C. Anaplasia mEq/L; carbon dioxide (CO2) 58 mm Hg. What is the interpretation of these gases?
D. Hyperplasia ✔✔ correct answer D. Hyperplasia A. Respiratory acidosis
B. Metabolic alkalosis
8. Free radicals play a major role in the initiation and progression of which diseases?
A. Gastrointestinal diseases such as peptic ulcer disease and Crohn disease C. Metabolic acidosis
B. Cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension and ischemic heart disease D. Respiratory alkalosis ✔✔ correct answer A. Respiratory acidosis
C. Muscular disease such as muscular dystrophy and fibromyalgia 13. Water movement between the intracellular fluid (ICF) compartment and the extracellular fluid (ECF)
D. Renal diseases such as acute tubular necrosis and glomerulonephritis ✔✔ correct answer B. Cardiovascular compartment is primarily a function of what?
diseases such as hypertension and ischemic heart disease A. Plasma oncotic pressure
9. 1. How do free radicals cause cell damage? B. Hydrostatic forces
A. Transferring one of its charged, stabilized atoms to the cell membrane, which causes lysis C. Antidiuretic hormone
B. Stimulating the release of lysosomal enzymes that digest the cell mem- branes D. Osmotic forces ✔✔ correct answer D. Osmotic forces
C. Stealing the cell's oxygen to stabilize the electron, thus causing hypoxia
14. Venous obstruction is a cause of edema because of an increase in which pressure?
D. Giving up an electron, which causes injury to the chemical bonds of the cell membrane ✔✔ correct answer D. Giving up A. Interstitial oncotic
an electron, which causes injury to the chemical bonds of the cell membrane B. Capillary hydrostatic
10. Why are infants most susceptible to significant losses in total body water? C. Capillary oncotic
A. High body surface-to-body size ratio D. Interstitial hydrostatic ✔✔ correct answer B. Capillary hydrostatic
B. Slow metabolic rate
15. In somatic cell gene therapy, what type of vector is most commonly used to alter a specific set of an
C. Inability to communicate adequately when he or she is thirsty
individual's somatic cells?
D. Kidneys are not mature enough to counter fluid losses ✔✔ correct answer D. Kidneys are not mature enough to counter fluid A. Bacteria
losses B. RNA polymerase
C. Virus
, D. Recombinant DNA ✔✔ correct answer C. Virus
16. How is transcription best defined?
A. RNA directs the synthesis of polypeptides for protein synthesis.
B. RNA is synthesized from a DNA template.
C. A base pair substitution results in a mutation of the amino acid sequence.
D. DNA polymerase binds to the promoter site on ribonucleic acid (RNA). ✔✔ correct answer B. RNA is synthesized from
a DNA template.
17. An amniocentesis indicates a neural tube defect when an increase in which protein is evident?
A. Embryonic proteins
B. DNA polymerase
C. Cytochrome P-450
D. Alpha fetoprotein ✔✔ correct answer D. Alpha fetoprotein
18. The data reporting that sickle cell disease affects approximately 1 in 600 American blacks is an example
of which concept?
A. Prevalence
B. Incidence
C. Ratio
D. Risk ✔✔ correct answer A. Prevalence
19. The ratio of the disease among the exposed population to the disease rate in an unexposed population is
referred to as what type of risk.
A. Contingency
B. Casual
C. Relative
D. Attributable ✔✔ correct answer C. Relative
20. What are empirical risks for most multifactorial diseases based on? A.Chromosomal testing
B. Liability thresholds
C. Direct observation
D. Relative risks ✔✔ correct answer C. Direct observation
21. What is the cause of familial hypercholesterolemia (FH)?
