Nursing 110 Final Exam Study Questions With Correct Marking Scheme

Nursing 110 Final Exam Study Questions With Correct Marking Scheme /.What are the major cations in body fluid? - Answer-Sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and hydrogen /.What are the major anions in body fluid? - Answer-Chloride, bicarbonate, phosphate, sulfate, and proteinate ions /.What are the major electrolytes in the ICF - Answer-Potassium and phosphate /.What does normal fluids through capillary wall into the tissues depend on? - Answer-hydrostatic pressure /.Whats Osmosis? - Answer-The movement of water caused by a concentration gradient /.Whats tonicity? - Answer-The ability of all solutes to drive an osmotic driving force that promotes water movement from one compartment to another. /.Whats Diffusion? - Answer-Natural way of substances moving from an area of high concentration to low concentration /.Whats filtration? - Answer-Movement of water and solute from an area of high hydrostatic pressure to an area of low hydrostatic pressure /.Whats the Sodium-Potassium Pump? - Answer-Located in the cell membrane, moves sodium from cell and into ECF(extracellular fluid), Pumps potassium into cell /.Whats Hydrostatic pressure? - Answer-Pressure exerted by a fluid at equilibrium due to force of gravity ex: pressure exhorted by fluid on the walls of the blood vessels by heart /.Whats the normal range of Potassium? - Answer-3.5 to 5 /.Whats the normal BUN level? - Answer-10 to 20 mg/dl -decreases when renal function decreases, -GI bleeding, -dehydration, i -ncrease in fever, sepsis. /.Whats the normal creatinine level? - Answer-0.7 to 1.4 mg/dl which increase when renal function decrease /.Whats Hematocrit? - Answer-Measures % of RBC in whole blood Increases by dehydration and polythemia, Decrease by over-hydration and anemia /.Hypovolemia - Answer--Loss of water and electrolytes, decrease serum sodium -Loss of ECF volume exceeds intake of fluid -Examples: Diabetes Insipidus, adrenal insufficiency, osmosis diuresis, hemmorrhage, coma, liver damage, COPD -Nursing Management: give Lactated Ringers Isotonic solution per order /.Clinical manifestations for Hypovolemia - Answer--Acute weight loss -decrease skin turgor -Oliguria(urinary output below 400ml) -Weak rapid heart beat -Increase heart rate -Flat neck veins /.Nursing Management for Hypovolemia - Answer--Oral route of fluid if no severe -IV route of fluid if sever(Isotonic solution, Lactated Ringers solution, 0.9% sodium chloride) /.Whats the best way to assess for Turgor? - Answer--Looking for cracks on the tongue /.A Nurse is teaching a patient newly diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus how to check blood glucose levels. Whats an appropriate way to transfer the patients blood to the reagent portion of the test strip/monitor? - Answer--Hold the strip next to the blood on the patients finger tips. /.A nurse instructing a patient about using an insulin pump should explain that the risk of diabetic ketoacidocis(DKA) increases with the use of a pump because - Answer-The tubing could become occluded /.What can a patient do to help reduce injection pain while self administrating insulin? - Answer--Keep the pen at room temp for a minute(injecting rm temp insulin is less painful than injecting cold insulin) /.Whats is a normal fasting blood glucose measurement? - Answer-Between 70 and 105 mg/dl /.Glargine(Lantus) - Answer--Long-acting insulin, intended to provide basil glucose control -Taken once daily at the same time each day - onset of 70 minutes -Peak-less -Duration of 24 hours - never mix with anything /.NPH(Humulin N) - Answer--Intermediate acting insulin -Onset of 60 to 120 minutes -Peaks in 6 to 14 hours -Duration of 16 to 24 hrs /.After confirming Hypoglycemia on a patient, what should the nurse do? - Answer--Give the patient 15 to 20g of rapid acting concentrated carbohydrate source like *4 to 6 oz fruit juice *8 oz of skim milk *1 tbsp of honey *3 or 4 commercially prepared glucose tablets *6 to 10 hard candies *2 to 3 tsp of sugar -May require injection of glucagon subcutaneously /.Sulfonylureas(Glipizide, glyburide, glymepiride) - Answer--Oral anti-diabetic agent that exert their primary action by directly stimulating the pancreas to secrete insulin -Can't be used on type 1 diabetes patients -Side effects: hypoglycemia and weight gain /.Why is Diabetes so fatal? - Answer--its the leading cause of non-traumatic amputations, blindness in working age ppl and end stage renal disease /.Type 1 diabetes - Answer--Lack of insulin -Characterized by the destruction of the pancreatic beta cells -Results in decreased insulin production, unchecked glucose production by liver and fasting hyperglycemia -5% have this type, diagnosed mostly in children -Exogenous insulin is administered for life /.Type 2 diabetes - Answer--Have insulin but body cells are not using it -Insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion -90 to 95% have this type of diabetes, mostly seen in adults but can be seen in children /.Gestational diabetes - Answer--Any degree of glucose intolerance during pregnancy -Risk is 9 lbs babies -Glucose test is done 24-28 weeks of pregnancy