GALEN COLLEGE OF NURSING
Course Code: BIO 1300
Instructor:
Date: 2026
FINAL EXAM – HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY II
THEORY
Multiple Choice Questions (15)
A 65-year-old patient presents with shortness of breath and fatigue.
Echocardiography reveals left ventricular hypertrophy. Which physiological
change primarily causes the hypertrophy?
A) Increased stroke volume
B) Increased afterload due to hypertension
C) Decreased preload
D) Increased heart rate
Answer: B
Rationale: Chronic hypertension increases afterload (pressure against which
the heart must pump), causing the left ventricle to undergo hypertrophy to
compensate.
Which of the following hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary regulates
adrenal cortex function?
A) TSH
B) ACTH
C) LH
D) Growth Hormone
Answer: B
1
,Rationale: ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol and other
steroids.
During inhalation, the diaphragm contracts. This results in?
A) Increased intrapulmonary pressure
B) Decreased thoracic volume
C) Increased thoracic volume
D) Closure of the glottis
Answer: C
Rationale: Diaphragm contraction flattens it, increasing thoracic cavity
volume and decreasing intrapulmonary pressure to draw air in.
Which part of the nephron is primarily responsible for reabsorption of
glucose?
A) Distal convoluted tubule
B) Proximal convoluted tubule
C) Loop of Henle
D) Collecting duct
Answer: B
Rationale: The proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs nearly all glucose
filtered by the glomerulus.
Which neurotransmitter predominantly mediates parasympathetic nervous
system effects on the heart?
A) Norepinephrine
B) Acetylcholine
C) Dopamine
D) Epinephrine
Answer: B
Rationale: Acetylcholine released by parasympathetic fibers decreases heart
rate.
Elevated levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH) result in which physiological
effect?
A) Increased calcium excretion
B) Increased bone resorption
2
, C) Decreased calcium absorption in intestines
D) Decreased vitamin D synthesis
Answer: B
Rationale: PTH stimulates osteoclasts to break down bone, releasing calcium
into the blood.
Which layer of the heart wall contains cardiac muscle that facilitates
contraction?
A) Endocardium
B) Epicardium
C) Myocardium
D) Pericardium
Answer: C
Rationale: The myocardium is composed of cardiac muscle responsible for
pumping action.
The majority of nutrient absorption occurs in which part of the digestive tract?
A) Stomach
B) Duodenum
C) Ileum
D) Jejunum
Answer: D
Rationale: The jejunum is the primary site for nutrient absorption post
digestion in the duodenum.
Which hormone regulates circadian rhythms by acting on the hypothalamus?
A) Melatonin
B) Cortisol
C) Insulin
D) Oxytocin
Answer: A
Rationale: Melatonin secreted by the pineal gland controls sleep-wake cycles
via hypothalamic signaling.
A patient with diabetes insipidus will present with which abnormal urine
characteristic?
3
Course Code: BIO 1300
Instructor:
Date: 2026
FINAL EXAM – HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY II
THEORY
Multiple Choice Questions (15)
A 65-year-old patient presents with shortness of breath and fatigue.
Echocardiography reveals left ventricular hypertrophy. Which physiological
change primarily causes the hypertrophy?
A) Increased stroke volume
B) Increased afterload due to hypertension
C) Decreased preload
D) Increased heart rate
Answer: B
Rationale: Chronic hypertension increases afterload (pressure against which
the heart must pump), causing the left ventricle to undergo hypertrophy to
compensate.
Which of the following hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary regulates
adrenal cortex function?
A) TSH
B) ACTH
C) LH
D) Growth Hormone
Answer: B
1
,Rationale: ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol and other
steroids.
During inhalation, the diaphragm contracts. This results in?
A) Increased intrapulmonary pressure
B) Decreased thoracic volume
C) Increased thoracic volume
D) Closure of the glottis
Answer: C
Rationale: Diaphragm contraction flattens it, increasing thoracic cavity
volume and decreasing intrapulmonary pressure to draw air in.
Which part of the nephron is primarily responsible for reabsorption of
glucose?
A) Distal convoluted tubule
B) Proximal convoluted tubule
C) Loop of Henle
D) Collecting duct
Answer: B
Rationale: The proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs nearly all glucose
filtered by the glomerulus.
Which neurotransmitter predominantly mediates parasympathetic nervous
system effects on the heart?
A) Norepinephrine
B) Acetylcholine
C) Dopamine
D) Epinephrine
Answer: B
Rationale: Acetylcholine released by parasympathetic fibers decreases heart
rate.
Elevated levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH) result in which physiological
effect?
A) Increased calcium excretion
B) Increased bone resorption
2
, C) Decreased calcium absorption in intestines
D) Decreased vitamin D synthesis
Answer: B
Rationale: PTH stimulates osteoclasts to break down bone, releasing calcium
into the blood.
Which layer of the heart wall contains cardiac muscle that facilitates
contraction?
A) Endocardium
B) Epicardium
C) Myocardium
D) Pericardium
Answer: C
Rationale: The myocardium is composed of cardiac muscle responsible for
pumping action.
The majority of nutrient absorption occurs in which part of the digestive tract?
A) Stomach
B) Duodenum
C) Ileum
D) Jejunum
Answer: D
Rationale: The jejunum is the primary site for nutrient absorption post
digestion in the duodenum.
Which hormone regulates circadian rhythms by acting on the hypothalamus?
A) Melatonin
B) Cortisol
C) Insulin
D) Oxytocin
Answer: A
Rationale: Melatonin secreted by the pineal gland controls sleep-wake cycles
via hypothalamic signaling.
A patient with diabetes insipidus will present with which abnormal urine
characteristic?
3
