RASMUSSEN PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
BUNDLED EXAMS 2 2026 STUDY GUIDE
WITH COMPREHENSIVE SOLUTION SET
⫸ _________Can be a mild, transient irritation, or it cab be a severe
ulceration with hemorrhage Answer: Acute Gastritis
⫸ _________ Usually develops suddenly and is likely to be
accompanied by nausea and epigastric pain Answer: Acute Gastritis
⫸ _________ Gastritis develops gradually. Answer: Chronic Gastritis
⫸ Gastritis can be further categorized as erosive or nonerosive Answer:
Chronic Gastritis
⫸ Symptoms of: Anorexia, nausea & vomiting, postprandial discomfort,
and hematemesis. Answer: Acute Gastritis
⫸ Symptoms of: May be asymptomatic, but usually accompanied by a
dull epigastric pain and a sensation of fullness after minimal intake.
Answer: Chronic Gastritis
⫸ Inflammation of the stomach and intestines, usually because of an
infection or allergic reaction Answer: Gastroenteritis
,⫸ Usually due to primary inflammatory disease such as crohns disease
Answer: Chronic Gastroenteritis
⫸ Commonly due to direct infection such as salmonella from raw or
undercooked chicken or eggs Answer: Acute Gastroenteritis
⫸ Signs & Symptoms: Diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, pain, nausea,
and vomiting Answer: Gastroenteritis
⫸ Most common cause of chronic gastritis Answer: Helicobacter pylori
⫸ Embeds itself in the mucous layer, activating toxins and enzymes that
cause inflammation. Genetic vulnerability and lifestyle behaviors
(smoking and stress) may increase the susceptibility Answer:
Helicobacter pylori
⫸ Other causes of?: Organisms transmitted though food and water
contamination, long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs,
excessive alcohol use, severe stress, autoimmune conditions, and other
chronic disease Answer: Gastritis
⫸ Complications of?: Peptic ulcers, gastric cancer, and hemorrhage
Answer: Chronic Gastritis
⫸ Manifestations of?: Include indigestion, heartburn, epigastric pain,
abdominal cramping, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, fever, and malaise.
,Hematemesis and dark, tarry stools can indicate ulceration and bleeding.
Answer: Gastritis
⫸ Chyme periodically backs up from the stomach into the esophagus.
Bile can also back up into the esophagus. Answer: GERD
(Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
⫸ These gastric secretions irritate the esophageal mucosa Answer:
GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
⫸ Causes of?: certain foods (e.g., chocolate, caffeine, carbonated
beverages, citrus fruit, tomatoes, spicy or fatty foods, and peppermint),
alcohol consumption, nicotine, hiatal hernia, obesity, pregnancy, certain
medications (e.g., corticosteroids, beta blockers, calcium-channel
blockers, and anticholinergics), nasogastric intubation, and delayed
gastric emptying Answer: GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
⫸ Manifestations of?: heartburn, epigastric pain (usually after a meal or
when recombinant), dysphagia, dry cough, laryngitis, pharyngitis,
regurgitation of food, and sensation of a lump in the throat. Answer:
GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
⫸ Complications of?: esophagitis, strictures, ulcerations, esophageal
cancer, and chronic pulmonary disease Answer: GERD
(Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
, ⫸ Often confused with angina and may warrant ruling out cardiac
disease Answer: GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
⫸ Lesions affecting the lining of the stomach or duodenum Answer:
Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
⫸ Risk factors of?: being male, advancing age, nonsteroidal anti-
inflammatory drug use (NSAIDs), H. pylori infections, certain gastric
tumors, and those for GERD. Answer: Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
⫸ Vary in severity from superficial erosions to complete penetration
through the GI tract wall. Develops because of an imbalance between
destructive forces and protective mechanisms Answer: Peptic Ulcer
Disease (PUD)
⫸ Types of Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) Answer: Duodenal Ulcers
Gastric Ulcers
Stress Ulcers
⫸ Most commonly associated with excessive acid or H. pylori
infections. Typically present with epigastric pain that is relieved in the
presence of food Answer: Duodenal ulcers
⫸ Less frequent but more deadly. Typically associated with malignancy
and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Pain typically worsens with
eating. Answer: Gastric Ulcers
BUNDLED EXAMS 2 2026 STUDY GUIDE
WITH COMPREHENSIVE SOLUTION SET
⫸ _________Can be a mild, transient irritation, or it cab be a severe
ulceration with hemorrhage Answer: Acute Gastritis
⫸ _________ Usually develops suddenly and is likely to be
accompanied by nausea and epigastric pain Answer: Acute Gastritis
⫸ _________ Gastritis develops gradually. Answer: Chronic Gastritis
⫸ Gastritis can be further categorized as erosive or nonerosive Answer:
Chronic Gastritis
⫸ Symptoms of: Anorexia, nausea & vomiting, postprandial discomfort,
and hematemesis. Answer: Acute Gastritis
⫸ Symptoms of: May be asymptomatic, but usually accompanied by a
dull epigastric pain and a sensation of fullness after minimal intake.
Answer: Chronic Gastritis
⫸ Inflammation of the stomach and intestines, usually because of an
infection or allergic reaction Answer: Gastroenteritis
,⫸ Usually due to primary inflammatory disease such as crohns disease
Answer: Chronic Gastroenteritis
⫸ Commonly due to direct infection such as salmonella from raw or
undercooked chicken or eggs Answer: Acute Gastroenteritis
⫸ Signs & Symptoms: Diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, pain, nausea,
and vomiting Answer: Gastroenteritis
⫸ Most common cause of chronic gastritis Answer: Helicobacter pylori
⫸ Embeds itself in the mucous layer, activating toxins and enzymes that
cause inflammation. Genetic vulnerability and lifestyle behaviors
(smoking and stress) may increase the susceptibility Answer:
Helicobacter pylori
⫸ Other causes of?: Organisms transmitted though food and water
contamination, long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs,
excessive alcohol use, severe stress, autoimmune conditions, and other
chronic disease Answer: Gastritis
⫸ Complications of?: Peptic ulcers, gastric cancer, and hemorrhage
Answer: Chronic Gastritis
⫸ Manifestations of?: Include indigestion, heartburn, epigastric pain,
abdominal cramping, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, fever, and malaise.
,Hematemesis and dark, tarry stools can indicate ulceration and bleeding.
Answer: Gastritis
⫸ Chyme periodically backs up from the stomach into the esophagus.
Bile can also back up into the esophagus. Answer: GERD
(Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
⫸ These gastric secretions irritate the esophageal mucosa Answer:
GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
⫸ Causes of?: certain foods (e.g., chocolate, caffeine, carbonated
beverages, citrus fruit, tomatoes, spicy or fatty foods, and peppermint),
alcohol consumption, nicotine, hiatal hernia, obesity, pregnancy, certain
medications (e.g., corticosteroids, beta blockers, calcium-channel
blockers, and anticholinergics), nasogastric intubation, and delayed
gastric emptying Answer: GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
⫸ Manifestations of?: heartburn, epigastric pain (usually after a meal or
when recombinant), dysphagia, dry cough, laryngitis, pharyngitis,
regurgitation of food, and sensation of a lump in the throat. Answer:
GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
⫸ Complications of?: esophagitis, strictures, ulcerations, esophageal
cancer, and chronic pulmonary disease Answer: GERD
(Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
, ⫸ Often confused with angina and may warrant ruling out cardiac
disease Answer: GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
⫸ Lesions affecting the lining of the stomach or duodenum Answer:
Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
⫸ Risk factors of?: being male, advancing age, nonsteroidal anti-
inflammatory drug use (NSAIDs), H. pylori infections, certain gastric
tumors, and those for GERD. Answer: Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
⫸ Vary in severity from superficial erosions to complete penetration
through the GI tract wall. Develops because of an imbalance between
destructive forces and protective mechanisms Answer: Peptic Ulcer
Disease (PUD)
⫸ Types of Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) Answer: Duodenal Ulcers
Gastric Ulcers
Stress Ulcers
⫸ Most commonly associated with excessive acid or H. pylori
infections. Typically present with epigastric pain that is relieved in the
presence of food Answer: Duodenal ulcers
⫸ Less frequent but more deadly. Typically associated with malignancy
and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Pain typically worsens with
eating. Answer: Gastric Ulcers
