Hemisphere Exam Rated A+ (Verified)

Hemisphere Exam Rated A+ (Verified) The battle that gave Texas independence was - Answer- the battle of San Jacinto The Gilded Age was NOT characterized by - Answer- respect for human rights The War of the Triple Alliance () was lost by - Answer- Paraguay The Underground Railroad was developed in the US and Canada to - Answer- help slaves The Alliance for Progress was launched by - Answer- John F. Kennedy Fidel Castro declared his revolution Marxist-Leninist after - Answer- Bay of Pigs invasion Most Caribbean countries gained independence from - Answer- United Kingdom Operation Condor was NOT - Answer- a reason for Nixon's resignation The countries that joined the Organization of American States in the 1990s (last ones) were - Answer- Canada, Belize, Guyana Papa Doc and Baby Doc were the dictators of - Answer- Haiti Two models of gaining independence: - Answer- U.S. + Latin America - revolutionary wars against European colonial powers. - US: American Revolution - organized rebellion and Declaration of independence 1776 - LATAM: followed the US and the French Revolution. - wars during the early part of 19th century - led mainly by Simón Bolivar and José de San Martín (Peru, Chile, Argentina, North Peru - Bolivia) - independence followed by political instability - presidents changing into monarchs like in the case of Haiti and Bolivar - emperor. Commonwealth (Canada, Jamaica) - gradually through peaceful negotiations with Britain most during the mid-20th century. - only symbolic ties to the British monarchy and became sovereign states within the Commonwealth of Nations. Mexican Revolution - Answer- - () - political upheaval due to Porfirio Díaz regime (porfiriato, no reelection etc.) He got exiled and Francisco Madero became president but he wanted to make all sides happy so he didn't make radical reforms and people grew desperate and be got imprisoned and later killed by Huerta (new president) - led to a greater conflict of the peasants, led by Pancho Villa, more brutal, from the North and Emiliano Zapata from the south. they at first supported madero then went against him the same with the next president. - main point: land reform (most land owned by oligarchy), worker exploitation, political corruption - resulted in a new constitution of 1917 emphasizing sicial rights esp labor rights, land reforms and secular education and anti clericalism - priest were deprived of the right to vote and were "locked" in churches, couldnt dress as priests outside of church. 1990s crisis Mexico - Answer- - 1994, Zapatista army (based on Emiliano Zapata) - Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional, Zapatista Army of National Liberation with indigenous activist group rose up in Chiapas Mexico - protested the North American Free Trade Agreement - it would worsen poverty for indigenous people, cuz people in south of Mexico wouldn't be as privileged by it as the north. - Led by subcomandante Marcos, demanded land reform, indigenous rights and social equality, gaining global attention through internet campaigns - first cyber-guerilla. - the gov used military force at first; ceasefire was reached; - 1995 teqilla effect - the crisis in mexico affected trade around the world - risk of globalization, cuz crisis in one country now can affect economies of other countries through interconnected market. the us with imf fearing it would get to them too gave mexico financial assistance, but mexico had to do tax and monetary policies, increase vat and budget cuts. tho it worked it had a bad consequence for standards of living esp in the agricultural south. - the crisis resolved and it showed inequalities in Mexico that shape debates on indigenous rights. Haiti Crisis - Answer- - 1990, Baby Doc was bad, Aristide became president - AIDS crisis, sex workers etc. - After 9 months Aristide was overthrown by a coup - US helped him, put embargo on Haiti - in 1993 UN put sanctions on Haiti - 1993-4 - US intervention led by Jimmy Carter, agreement - agreement with military Junta, Aristide returned to Haiti. Monroe Doctrine, 1823 - Answer- no colonization in LATAM, Europe stay away, US observes, if sth happens it will be treated as threat to US security. Southern brethren - LATAM to US. Olney Corollary, 1895 - Answer- US can decide if to act or not, extended the doctrine not just to new colonization but also the existing territorial disagreements. Used during the dispute of Venezuela and UK over Guyana - resolved + for UK, st time LATAM asked US for help due to Monroe. Roosevelt Corollary, 1904 - Answer- from passive to active - "hemispheric police force" - US can intervene if LATAM countries conducted badly or went against US interests. Wanted to prevent Europe from intervening in financial help to LATAM countries, like in Venezuelan Debt Crisis, and to show that they can maintain their own "backyard." Used during second occupation of Cuba - to make Roosevelt look better after electoral fraud and in Panama during the separation from Colombia. Taft used it in Dollar Diplomacy - using money to sustain security, change bullets for dollars.