FNDH 620 UPDATED TEST PAPER QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS GUARANTEE A+
✔✔Vitamin D Function - ✔✔1. Regulation of gene expression
2. Affects calcium and phosphate homeostasis; differentiation of stem cells in bone
tissue and hair follicles and skin tissue
✔✔Vitamin D Source - ✔✔1. UV light (d3)
2. Animal foods
3. Fortified products
✔✔Vitamin D Absoprtion - ✔✔1. Incorporated into micelles and enters mucosal
enterocytes
2. Becomes part of chylomicrons and then lymph circulation
✔✔Vitamin D Deficiency - ✔✔1. Rickets —Failure of growing bones to mineralize
properly. This results in bowing of long, weight-bearing bones
2. Osteomalicia - Vitamin D deficiency in adults due to decreased calcium and
phosphate absorption
✔✔Vitamin E AKA - ✔✔1. Tocopherols
2. Tocotrienols
✔✔Vitamin E Function - ✔✔1. Antioxidant for cell membrane integrity
2. May exert influence on gene expression ;may decrease heart disease through
decreased development of atherosclerotic plaque
✔✔Vitamin E Source - ✔✔1. Plant oils; oil derived products, wheat germ and oil and
nuts
✔✔Vitamin E Absorption - ✔✔1. Absorption efficiency is 20-50%
2. Enters micelles during absorption and are digested
3. Enter body tissue via lipoprotein lipase
✔✔Vitamin E Storage Location - ✔✔Liver, adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, and
lipoproteins
Secondary storage areas: adrenals, heart, lungs, brain
✔✔Vitamin E Deficiency - ✔✔1. Rare and slow to develop
2. Associated with cellular membrane degeneration
3. Can be caused by other health conditions such as maldigestion of lipids, celiac's
disease, or cystic fibrosis
✔✔Vitamin K AKA - ✔✔1. Phyllogyinone (plant form)
2. Menaquinones (bacteria form)
, 3. Menadione (synthetic form)
✔✔Vitamin K Function - ✔✔blood clotting
✔✔Vitamin K Source - ✔✔1. Plant foods: spinach, broccoli, Brussel sprouts, cabbage,
lettuce, kale
✔✔Vitamin K Absorption - ✔✔1. Absorbed by active transport in the duodenum and
jejunum;
2. Absorption is positively influenced by bile acids
✔✔Vitamin K Transport - ✔✔3. Transported within chylomicrons and then lymph
circulation
✔✔Vitamin K Deficiency - ✔✔Not well stored, but rare to have deficiency
✔✔Vitamin C AKA - ✔✔Ascorbic Acid or Ascorbate
✔✔Vitamin C Function - ✔✔1. Cofactor in several reactions
2. Collagen synthesis
3. Increase absorption of iron
✔✔Vitamin C Source - ✔✔Fresh Fruit - specifically citrus, and vegetables
✔✔Vitamin C Absorption - ✔✔1. Actively transported by a sodium-dependent and
gradient-coupled carrier
2. Moderate intake of 180 mg = 80% absorbed
3. High intake of 5 g = 25% absorbed
✔✔Vitamin C Deficiency - ✔✔1. Scurvy
2. Symptoms: abnormal bone growth, joint pain, bleeding gums, edema, tiny
hemorrhages beneath skin
✔✔Vitamin C UL - ✔✔1. 2000 mg/day
2. Causes rebound scurvy, inaccurate blood glucose test, intestinal bleeding
✔✔Thiamin AKA - ✔✔Vitamin B1
✔✔Thiamin Function - ✔✔1. Metabolism and release of energy from carbohydrates
✔✔Thiamin Source - ✔✔1. Pork, whole trains, enriched cereals, liver, poultry, fish,
eggs, potatoes, legumes, nuts, dark green vegetables, brewer's yeast, wheat germ
✔✔Thiamin Absorption - ✔✔1. Inactivated by potassium, phosphate, copper, iron salts
SOLUTIONS GUARANTEE A+
✔✔Vitamin D Function - ✔✔1. Regulation of gene expression
2. Affects calcium and phosphate homeostasis; differentiation of stem cells in bone
tissue and hair follicles and skin tissue
✔✔Vitamin D Source - ✔✔1. UV light (d3)
2. Animal foods
3. Fortified products
✔✔Vitamin D Absoprtion - ✔✔1. Incorporated into micelles and enters mucosal
enterocytes
2. Becomes part of chylomicrons and then lymph circulation
✔✔Vitamin D Deficiency - ✔✔1. Rickets —Failure of growing bones to mineralize
properly. This results in bowing of long, weight-bearing bones
2. Osteomalicia - Vitamin D deficiency in adults due to decreased calcium and
phosphate absorption
✔✔Vitamin E AKA - ✔✔1. Tocopherols
2. Tocotrienols
✔✔Vitamin E Function - ✔✔1. Antioxidant for cell membrane integrity
2. May exert influence on gene expression ;may decrease heart disease through
decreased development of atherosclerotic plaque
✔✔Vitamin E Source - ✔✔1. Plant oils; oil derived products, wheat germ and oil and
nuts
✔✔Vitamin E Absorption - ✔✔1. Absorption efficiency is 20-50%
2. Enters micelles during absorption and are digested
3. Enter body tissue via lipoprotein lipase
✔✔Vitamin E Storage Location - ✔✔Liver, adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, and
lipoproteins
Secondary storage areas: adrenals, heart, lungs, brain
✔✔Vitamin E Deficiency - ✔✔1. Rare and slow to develop
2. Associated with cellular membrane degeneration
3. Can be caused by other health conditions such as maldigestion of lipids, celiac's
disease, or cystic fibrosis
✔✔Vitamin K AKA - ✔✔1. Phyllogyinone (plant form)
2. Menaquinones (bacteria form)
, 3. Menadione (synthetic form)
✔✔Vitamin K Function - ✔✔blood clotting
✔✔Vitamin K Source - ✔✔1. Plant foods: spinach, broccoli, Brussel sprouts, cabbage,
lettuce, kale
✔✔Vitamin K Absorption - ✔✔1. Absorbed by active transport in the duodenum and
jejunum;
2. Absorption is positively influenced by bile acids
✔✔Vitamin K Transport - ✔✔3. Transported within chylomicrons and then lymph
circulation
✔✔Vitamin K Deficiency - ✔✔Not well stored, but rare to have deficiency
✔✔Vitamin C AKA - ✔✔Ascorbic Acid or Ascorbate
✔✔Vitamin C Function - ✔✔1. Cofactor in several reactions
2. Collagen synthesis
3. Increase absorption of iron
✔✔Vitamin C Source - ✔✔Fresh Fruit - specifically citrus, and vegetables
✔✔Vitamin C Absorption - ✔✔1. Actively transported by a sodium-dependent and
gradient-coupled carrier
2. Moderate intake of 180 mg = 80% absorbed
3. High intake of 5 g = 25% absorbed
✔✔Vitamin C Deficiency - ✔✔1. Scurvy
2. Symptoms: abnormal bone growth, joint pain, bleeding gums, edema, tiny
hemorrhages beneath skin
✔✔Vitamin C UL - ✔✔1. 2000 mg/day
2. Causes rebound scurvy, inaccurate blood glucose test, intestinal bleeding
✔✔Thiamin AKA - ✔✔Vitamin B1
✔✔Thiamin Function - ✔✔1. Metabolism and release of energy from carbohydrates
✔✔Thiamin Source - ✔✔1. Pork, whole trains, enriched cereals, liver, poultry, fish,
eggs, potatoes, legumes, nuts, dark green vegetables, brewer's yeast, wheat germ
✔✔Thiamin Absorption - ✔✔1. Inactivated by potassium, phosphate, copper, iron salts
