UW PSYCH 101 EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE
Psychology - Answers -The scientific study of behavior and the mind.
Empirical evidence - Answers -evidence gained through experience and observation
Empiricism pros/cons - Answers -Advantages: Observable information is publicly
verifiable
by others, the basis for science. Disadvantages: not all phenomenon are directly
observable, and understanding observations still requires interpretation, which is subject
to bias.
Critical thinking - Answers -taking an active role in understanding the world
Nature vs. Nurture Debate - Answers -Nature + Nurture = Us
Mind-Body Dualism - Answers -The mind and body are distinct kinds of substances or
natures. This position implies that mind and body not only differ in meaning but refer to
different kinds of entities.
Monism - Answers -Mind and body are connected and influence each other.
Mind-Body Interactions - Answers -relationship between mental processes and the
functioning of other bodily systems
British Empiricism - Answers -Ideas and knowledge are gained through the senses.
Observation is more valid than reason. Advances in physiology and medicine
Phrenology - Answers -Using the shape of someone's head to determine their traits.
Franz Joseph Gall (1758 - 1828).
Psychophysics - Answers -Psychologically experienced sensations depend on the
characteristics of physical stimuli. studies relations
between the physical characteristics of stimuli and sensory capabilities
Darwin's Theory of Evolution - Answers -The human mind is a product of the biological
continuity between humans and other species
Structuralism - Answers -Analysis of basic elements. Introspection. Wilhelm Wundt had
the first experimental psychology laboratory (Germany, 1879).
Functionalism - Answers -Functions of consciousness. Started by William James.
Modern-day fields include cognitive and evolutionary psychology. Emotions are complex
in nature. Some philosophers have argued that emotions have evolved to help species
adapt to their environment.
, Psychoanalysis - Answers -Internal and unconscious psychological forces. Freud.
Modern day psychoanalysis focuses on how unconscious processes affect behavior,
and early relationships with caregivers.
Free association - Answers -Expression of any thoughts that come to mind.
Defense Mechanisms - Answers -Psychological techniques that help us cope with
anxiety and pain. Repression is a primary defense mechanism.
Psychodynamic Perspective - Answers -Strong emphasis on childhood sexuality and
aggressive, inborn drives. Extremely controversial theory (mixed empirical research and
inspired additional research).
Behavioral Perspective - Answers -The external environment governs our actions.
Behaviorism - Answers -Emphasizes environmental control of behavior through
learning. Only observable behavior should be studied. Behavior is determined by prior
learning experiences and stimuli in current environment. Decreasing problem behaviors
and increasing positive behaviors by manipulating environmental factors.
Humanistic perspective - Answers -Free will, personal growth, and meaning of one's
existence. Self-Actualization: the inborn motive to
reach one's full potential. Positive Psychology: a movement within psychology that
emphasizes the study of human strengths, fulfillment, and optimal living.
Cognitive perspective - Answers -How elements of experience are organized into
wholes. Modern cognitive perspective: Reasoning, decision-making,
perceptions,language, and problem-solving.Origins come from Structuralism and
Functionalism.
Cognitive Neuroscience - Answers -Electrical recording and brain-imaging techniques.
Examines brain activity while people engage in cognitive tasks.
Sociocultural perspective - Answers -How the social environment and cultural learning
influence our behavior, thoughts, and feelings. Culture: values, beliefs, behaviors, and
traditions. Norms: rules for acceptable behavior within a group. Socialization:
transmission and
internalization of culture. Considers the effects of other people on a person's cognitive
processes.
Cultural Psychology - Answers -Explores how culture is transmitted. Examines
similarities and differences among diverse cultures.
Individualism - Answers -Personal goals and self-identity based on one's own attributes
and achievements.
Psychology - Answers -The scientific study of behavior and the mind.
Empirical evidence - Answers -evidence gained through experience and observation
Empiricism pros/cons - Answers -Advantages: Observable information is publicly
verifiable
by others, the basis for science. Disadvantages: not all phenomenon are directly
observable, and understanding observations still requires interpretation, which is subject
to bias.
Critical thinking - Answers -taking an active role in understanding the world
Nature vs. Nurture Debate - Answers -Nature + Nurture = Us
Mind-Body Dualism - Answers -The mind and body are distinct kinds of substances or
natures. This position implies that mind and body not only differ in meaning but refer to
different kinds of entities.
Monism - Answers -Mind and body are connected and influence each other.
Mind-Body Interactions - Answers -relationship between mental processes and the
functioning of other bodily systems
British Empiricism - Answers -Ideas and knowledge are gained through the senses.
Observation is more valid than reason. Advances in physiology and medicine
Phrenology - Answers -Using the shape of someone's head to determine their traits.
Franz Joseph Gall (1758 - 1828).
Psychophysics - Answers -Psychologically experienced sensations depend on the
characteristics of physical stimuli. studies relations
between the physical characteristics of stimuli and sensory capabilities
Darwin's Theory of Evolution - Answers -The human mind is a product of the biological
continuity between humans and other species
Structuralism - Answers -Analysis of basic elements. Introspection. Wilhelm Wundt had
the first experimental psychology laboratory (Germany, 1879).
Functionalism - Answers -Functions of consciousness. Started by William James.
Modern-day fields include cognitive and evolutionary psychology. Emotions are complex
in nature. Some philosophers have argued that emotions have evolved to help species
adapt to their environment.
, Psychoanalysis - Answers -Internal and unconscious psychological forces. Freud.
Modern day psychoanalysis focuses on how unconscious processes affect behavior,
and early relationships with caregivers.
Free association - Answers -Expression of any thoughts that come to mind.
Defense Mechanisms - Answers -Psychological techniques that help us cope with
anxiety and pain. Repression is a primary defense mechanism.
Psychodynamic Perspective - Answers -Strong emphasis on childhood sexuality and
aggressive, inborn drives. Extremely controversial theory (mixed empirical research and
inspired additional research).
Behavioral Perspective - Answers -The external environment governs our actions.
Behaviorism - Answers -Emphasizes environmental control of behavior through
learning. Only observable behavior should be studied. Behavior is determined by prior
learning experiences and stimuli in current environment. Decreasing problem behaviors
and increasing positive behaviors by manipulating environmental factors.
Humanistic perspective - Answers -Free will, personal growth, and meaning of one's
existence. Self-Actualization: the inborn motive to
reach one's full potential. Positive Psychology: a movement within psychology that
emphasizes the study of human strengths, fulfillment, and optimal living.
Cognitive perspective - Answers -How elements of experience are organized into
wholes. Modern cognitive perspective: Reasoning, decision-making,
perceptions,language, and problem-solving.Origins come from Structuralism and
Functionalism.
Cognitive Neuroscience - Answers -Electrical recording and brain-imaging techniques.
Examines brain activity while people engage in cognitive tasks.
Sociocultural perspective - Answers -How the social environment and cultural learning
influence our behavior, thoughts, and feelings. Culture: values, beliefs, behaviors, and
traditions. Norms: rules for acceptable behavior within a group. Socialization:
transmission and
internalization of culture. Considers the effects of other people on a person's cognitive
processes.
Cultural Psychology - Answers -Explores how culture is transmitted. Examines
similarities and differences among diverse cultures.
Individualism - Answers -Personal goals and self-identity based on one's own attributes
and achievements.
