PSYC 101 CHAPTER 1-4 EXAM STUDY GUIDE
Psychology - Answers -the scientific investigation of mental process and behavior
Scientific Method - Answers -sets of orderly steps used to analyze and solve problems
Behavioral Perspective - Answers -how behavior is learned or modified by
environmental causes (NURTURE)
Behavioral Data - Answers -reports of observation about the behavior of organisms and
the conditions under which the behavior occur
Psychodynamic Perspective - Answers -behavior is motivated by inherited instincts,
biological drives, & attempts to resolve personal conflicts between personal need and
society's demands
Cognitive Perspective - Answers -an approach that emphasizes mental process in
perception, memory, language, problem solving and other areas of behavior
Humanistic Perspective - Answers -emphasizes the individual's inherent capacity for
making rational choices and developing maximum potential
Willhelm Wundt - Answers -founding father of psychology
Biological Perspective - Answers -study of physical bases on behavior
Behavior - Answers -organisms that adjust to their environment
Standardization - Answers -using uniform, consistent, procedures in all phases of data
collection
Hypothesis - Answers -tentative and testable statement about the relationship between
causes and consequences
Determinism - Answers -the idea that all events are determined by specific casual
factors (physical, mental, and behavioral)
Theory - Answers -organized set of concepts (used to formulate research)
Sociocultural Perspective - Answers -studies how an individual's behavior and thinking
vary across situations and cultures
Ivan Pavlov - Answers -Russian Physiologist
Discovered classical conditioning behaviorism
, Operational Definition - Answers -standardizes the meaning within an experiment, by
defining a concept in terms of the specific operations or procedures used to measure it
Independent Variable - Answers -factor manipulated and will cause changes (casual
part of the relationship)
Dependent Variable - Answers -factor affected by independent variable (what is being
measured)
Experimental Method - Answers -research methodology that involves the manipulation
of independent variables to determine their effects on the dependent variables
Confounding Variable - Answers -a variable that could produce effects that are
confused, or confounded with the effects of the independent variable
Double-blind Study - Answers -a study in which both participants and researchers are
blind to the status of participants
Placebo Effect - Answers -a phenomena in which an experimental manipulation
produces an effect because participants believe it will produce an effect
Control Group - Answers -participants in an experiment who receive a relatively neutral
condition to serve as a comparison group
Population - Answers -a group of people or animals of interest to a researcher from
which a sample is drawn
Sample - Answers -a subgroup of a population likely to be representative of the
population as a whole
Random Sample - Answers -a sample of participants selected from the population in a
relatively arbitrary manner
Correlation Coefficient - Answers -an index of the extent to which two variables are
related
Reliability - Answers -a measure's ability to produce consistent results
Validity - Answers -the extent to which a test measures the construct it attempts to
assess or a study adequately addresses the hypothesis it attempts to assess
Naturalistic Observation - Answers -observation of phenomena in its natural setting
advantage: natural environment
disadvantage: no control
Case Study - Answers -in-depth observation of one subject of a small group of subjects
Psychology - Answers -the scientific investigation of mental process and behavior
Scientific Method - Answers -sets of orderly steps used to analyze and solve problems
Behavioral Perspective - Answers -how behavior is learned or modified by
environmental causes (NURTURE)
Behavioral Data - Answers -reports of observation about the behavior of organisms and
the conditions under which the behavior occur
Psychodynamic Perspective - Answers -behavior is motivated by inherited instincts,
biological drives, & attempts to resolve personal conflicts between personal need and
society's demands
Cognitive Perspective - Answers -an approach that emphasizes mental process in
perception, memory, language, problem solving and other areas of behavior
Humanistic Perspective - Answers -emphasizes the individual's inherent capacity for
making rational choices and developing maximum potential
Willhelm Wundt - Answers -founding father of psychology
Biological Perspective - Answers -study of physical bases on behavior
Behavior - Answers -organisms that adjust to their environment
Standardization - Answers -using uniform, consistent, procedures in all phases of data
collection
Hypothesis - Answers -tentative and testable statement about the relationship between
causes and consequences
Determinism - Answers -the idea that all events are determined by specific casual
factors (physical, mental, and behavioral)
Theory - Answers -organized set of concepts (used to formulate research)
Sociocultural Perspective - Answers -studies how an individual's behavior and thinking
vary across situations and cultures
Ivan Pavlov - Answers -Russian Physiologist
Discovered classical conditioning behaviorism
, Operational Definition - Answers -standardizes the meaning within an experiment, by
defining a concept in terms of the specific operations or procedures used to measure it
Independent Variable - Answers -factor manipulated and will cause changes (casual
part of the relationship)
Dependent Variable - Answers -factor affected by independent variable (what is being
measured)
Experimental Method - Answers -research methodology that involves the manipulation
of independent variables to determine their effects on the dependent variables
Confounding Variable - Answers -a variable that could produce effects that are
confused, or confounded with the effects of the independent variable
Double-blind Study - Answers -a study in which both participants and researchers are
blind to the status of participants
Placebo Effect - Answers -a phenomena in which an experimental manipulation
produces an effect because participants believe it will produce an effect
Control Group - Answers -participants in an experiment who receive a relatively neutral
condition to serve as a comparison group
Population - Answers -a group of people or animals of interest to a researcher from
which a sample is drawn
Sample - Answers -a subgroup of a population likely to be representative of the
population as a whole
Random Sample - Answers -a sample of participants selected from the population in a
relatively arbitrary manner
Correlation Coefficient - Answers -an index of the extent to which two variables are
related
Reliability - Answers -a measure's ability to produce consistent results
Validity - Answers -the extent to which a test measures the construct it attempts to
assess or a study adequately addresses the hypothesis it attempts to assess
Naturalistic Observation - Answers -observation of phenomena in its natural setting
advantage: natural environment
disadvantage: no control
Case Study - Answers -in-depth observation of one subject of a small group of subjects
