A&P 102 Final Exam Ivy Tech with Questions
and Answers 2026 -2028 | instant pdf
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Who regulates pituitary gland secretion? - SELECTED ANSWER 👀*** hypothalamus
What is a hormone and how does it act? - SELECTED ANSWER 👀*** Hormones are
chemical messengers that are responsible for regulation. They are secreted into body fluids,
mainly blood. It has specific actions on target tissues, which are any tissue that has specific
receptors for that particular hormone.
Compare and contrast glucagon and insulin. - SELECTED ANSWER 👀*** Glucagon
stimulates the liver to break down glycogen and convert noncarbohydrates into glucose and
it stimulates the breakdown of fats.
Insulin promotes the formation of glycogen from glucose, inhibits conversion of
noncarbohydrates into glucose, and enhances movement of glucose through adipose and
muscle cell membranes, decreasing blood glucose concentration and promotes transport of
amino acids into cells, as well as enhances synthesis of proteins and fats.
Both work to keep blood glucose concentration constant, but glucagon breaks down
glycogen into glucose and insulin forms glycogen from glucose.
How are pheromones different than hormones? - SELECTED ANSWER 👀*** is a chemical
signal sent between members of the same species. Are a type of hormone that are released
in small quantities and play a big role in physical attraction between people.
How is inhibin used in the body? - SELECTED ANSWER 👀*** Inhibits the anterior pituitary
gland by negative feedback. This action prevents over secretion of FSH. It is secreted by
,cells of the testes and ovaries. FSH is secreted by anterior pituitary gland. It is a
glycoprotein hormone.
Differentiate between paracrine, autocrine, endocrine, and exocrine glands. - SELECTED
ANSWER 👀*** Paracrine - hormones enter the interstitial fluid but affect only neighboring
cells.
Autocrine - hormones affect only the secreting cell.
Endocrine - hormones are secreted from the interstitial fluid into the bloodstream and act on
target cells.
Exocrine - secretions enter tubes or ducts that lead to body surfaces.
Describe steroid hormones. - SELECTED ANSWER 👀*** Sex hormones and adrenal
cortex hormones. Steroid hormones diffuse through cell membranes and enter cytoplasm or
nucleus. Then they combine with a receptor molecule, which together bind to DNA and
promote transcription of messenger RNA. mRNA enters the cytoplasm and directs protein
synthesis. Newly synthesized proteins produce hormone's specific effects.
Describe tropic hormones. - SELECTED ANSWER 👀*** They stimulate the activity of
endocrine glands than those secreting them.
Describe normal blood: number of each cell type, pH. - SELECTED ANSWER 👀***
Describe normal blood: number of each cell type, pH.
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Blood is about 8% of body weight. Adult blood volume is about 5 L. RBC count is usually
4,600,000-6,200,000 in males, 4,200,000-5,400,000 in females. WBC are usually 5,000-
10,000 per cubic mm of blood. Platelets are usually 130,000-360,000 per cubic mm of
blood. Normal blood pH is around 7.4.
,How does the Rh factor affect a developing fetus and its mother? - SELECTED ANSWER
👀*** Rh positive - presence of antigen D or other Rh antigens on the RBC membranes.
Rh negative - lack of these antigens
If a mother is Rh negative and her baby is Rh positive, her antibodies form to fight Rh-
positive blood cells. If a mother is Rh positive and her baby is Rh positive, her antibodies
attack the baby's RBC. Complications can lead the baby to develop erythroblastosis fetalis
or hemolytic disease.
What antigens can be found on RBC? What antibodies can be found in the plasma? How do
these create different blood types? - SELECTED ANSWER 👀*** Type A blood has A
antigens on its cell surface and anti-B antibodies in its plasma.
Type B blood has B antigens on its cell surface and anti-A antibodies in its plasma.
Type AB blood has both A and B antigens on its cell surface and no antibodies in its
plasma. (It is the universal recipient).
Type O blood has no antigens on its cell surface, but has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies
in its plasma. (It is the universal donor).
Describe the different leukocytes and their origins. - SELECTED ANSWER 👀***
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Monocytes
Lymphocytes
Compare the formed elements of the blood. - SELECTED ANSWER 👀*** RBCs, WBCs,
and platelets all act together to maintain life. RBCs transport oxygen to the body's tissues,
WBCs fight infections in the body, and platelets clot wounds that occur.
, Describe the steps in clot formation. - SELECTED ANSWER 👀*** Hemostasis - the
stoppage of bleeding.
1. Blood vessel spasm - smooth muscle in blood vessel contracts
2. Platelet plug formation:
a. break in vessel wall
b. blood escapes through break
c. platelets adhere to each other, to end of broken vessel, and to exposed collagen
d. platelet plug helps control blood loss
3. Blood coagulation - clot forms (occurs extrinsically or intrinsically).
What blood types can give/receive to/from other blood types? - SELECTED ANSWER 👀***
O+ give to: O+, A+, B+, AB+ receive: O+,O-
A+ give to: A+, AB+ receive: A+, A-, O+, O-
B+ give to: B+, AB+ receive: B+, B-, O+, O-
AB+ give to: AB+ only receive: All blood types
O- give to: All blood types receive: O- only
A- give to: A-, A+, AB-, AB+ receive: A-, O-
B- give to: B-, B+, AB-, AB+ receive: B-, O-
AB- give to: AB-, AB+ receive: AB-, A-, B-, O-
What are normal levels and percentages of RBC, WBC and platelets? - SELECTED
ANSWER 👀*** 4,600,000-6,200,000 in males.
4,200,000-5,400,000 in females.
4,500,000-5,100,000 in children.
RBCs are 45% of the blood.
and Answers 2026 -2028 | instant pdf
download
Who regulates pituitary gland secretion? - SELECTED ANSWER 👀*** hypothalamus
What is a hormone and how does it act? - SELECTED ANSWER 👀*** Hormones are
chemical messengers that are responsible for regulation. They are secreted into body fluids,
mainly blood. It has specific actions on target tissues, which are any tissue that has specific
receptors for that particular hormone.
Compare and contrast glucagon and insulin. - SELECTED ANSWER 👀*** Glucagon
stimulates the liver to break down glycogen and convert noncarbohydrates into glucose and
it stimulates the breakdown of fats.
Insulin promotes the formation of glycogen from glucose, inhibits conversion of
noncarbohydrates into glucose, and enhances movement of glucose through adipose and
muscle cell membranes, decreasing blood glucose concentration and promotes transport of
amino acids into cells, as well as enhances synthesis of proteins and fats.
Both work to keep blood glucose concentration constant, but glucagon breaks down
glycogen into glucose and insulin forms glycogen from glucose.
How are pheromones different than hormones? - SELECTED ANSWER 👀*** is a chemical
signal sent between members of the same species. Are a type of hormone that are released
in small quantities and play a big role in physical attraction between people.
How is inhibin used in the body? - SELECTED ANSWER 👀*** Inhibits the anterior pituitary
gland by negative feedback. This action prevents over secretion of FSH. It is secreted by
,cells of the testes and ovaries. FSH is secreted by anterior pituitary gland. It is a
glycoprotein hormone.
Differentiate between paracrine, autocrine, endocrine, and exocrine glands. - SELECTED
ANSWER 👀*** Paracrine - hormones enter the interstitial fluid but affect only neighboring
cells.
Autocrine - hormones affect only the secreting cell.
Endocrine - hormones are secreted from the interstitial fluid into the bloodstream and act on
target cells.
Exocrine - secretions enter tubes or ducts that lead to body surfaces.
Describe steroid hormones. - SELECTED ANSWER 👀*** Sex hormones and adrenal
cortex hormones. Steroid hormones diffuse through cell membranes and enter cytoplasm or
nucleus. Then they combine with a receptor molecule, which together bind to DNA and
promote transcription of messenger RNA. mRNA enters the cytoplasm and directs protein
synthesis. Newly synthesized proteins produce hormone's specific effects.
Describe tropic hormones. - SELECTED ANSWER 👀*** They stimulate the activity of
endocrine glands than those secreting them.
Describe normal blood: number of each cell type, pH. - SELECTED ANSWER 👀***
Describe normal blood: number of each cell type, pH.
CLICK THE CARD TO FLIP IT
Blood is about 8% of body weight. Adult blood volume is about 5 L. RBC count is usually
4,600,000-6,200,000 in males, 4,200,000-5,400,000 in females. WBC are usually 5,000-
10,000 per cubic mm of blood. Platelets are usually 130,000-360,000 per cubic mm of
blood. Normal blood pH is around 7.4.
,How does the Rh factor affect a developing fetus and its mother? - SELECTED ANSWER
👀*** Rh positive - presence of antigen D or other Rh antigens on the RBC membranes.
Rh negative - lack of these antigens
If a mother is Rh negative and her baby is Rh positive, her antibodies form to fight Rh-
positive blood cells. If a mother is Rh positive and her baby is Rh positive, her antibodies
attack the baby's RBC. Complications can lead the baby to develop erythroblastosis fetalis
or hemolytic disease.
What antigens can be found on RBC? What antibodies can be found in the plasma? How do
these create different blood types? - SELECTED ANSWER 👀*** Type A blood has A
antigens on its cell surface and anti-B antibodies in its plasma.
Type B blood has B antigens on its cell surface and anti-A antibodies in its plasma.
Type AB blood has both A and B antigens on its cell surface and no antibodies in its
plasma. (It is the universal recipient).
Type O blood has no antigens on its cell surface, but has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies
in its plasma. (It is the universal donor).
Describe the different leukocytes and their origins. - SELECTED ANSWER 👀***
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Monocytes
Lymphocytes
Compare the formed elements of the blood. - SELECTED ANSWER 👀*** RBCs, WBCs,
and platelets all act together to maintain life. RBCs transport oxygen to the body's tissues,
WBCs fight infections in the body, and platelets clot wounds that occur.
, Describe the steps in clot formation. - SELECTED ANSWER 👀*** Hemostasis - the
stoppage of bleeding.
1. Blood vessel spasm - smooth muscle in blood vessel contracts
2. Platelet plug formation:
a. break in vessel wall
b. blood escapes through break
c. platelets adhere to each other, to end of broken vessel, and to exposed collagen
d. platelet plug helps control blood loss
3. Blood coagulation - clot forms (occurs extrinsically or intrinsically).
What blood types can give/receive to/from other blood types? - SELECTED ANSWER 👀***
O+ give to: O+, A+, B+, AB+ receive: O+,O-
A+ give to: A+, AB+ receive: A+, A-, O+, O-
B+ give to: B+, AB+ receive: B+, B-, O+, O-
AB+ give to: AB+ only receive: All blood types
O- give to: All blood types receive: O- only
A- give to: A-, A+, AB-, AB+ receive: A-, O-
B- give to: B-, B+, AB-, AB+ receive: B-, O-
AB- give to: AB-, AB+ receive: AB-, A-, B-, O-
What are normal levels and percentages of RBC, WBC and platelets? - SELECTED
ANSWER 👀*** 4,600,000-6,200,000 in males.
4,200,000-5,400,000 in females.
4,500,000-5,100,000 in children.
RBCs are 45% of the blood.
