PHYSICAL EXAMINATION COMPREHENSIVE
TEST PAPER 2026 COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
◉ List the risks for skin lesions in hospitalized patients. (9) Answer:
A. Exposure to pressure during immobilization
b. Various medications
c. Neurologic impairment
d. Chronic illness
e. Orthopedic injury
f. Diminished mental status
g. Poor tissue oxygenation
h. Low cardiac output
i. Inadequate nutrition
◉ Define pigmentation. Answer: Pigmentation is skin color. It is
usually unifrom over the body
◉ Color: Cyanosis
Condition: ?
Causes: ?
Assessment Locations: ? Answer: Condition: Increased amount of
deoxygenated hemoglobin (associated with hypoxia)
,Causes: Heart or lung disease, cold environment
Assessment Locations: Nail beds, lips, mouth, skin (severe cases)
◉ Color: Pallor
Condition: ?
Causes: ?
Assessment Locations: ? Answer: Condition: Reduced amount of
oxyhemoglobin resulting from decreased blood flow
Causes: Anemia, shock
Assessment Locations: Face, lips, conjunctivae, nail beds, palms of
hands
◉ Color: Loss of pigmentation
Condition: ?
Causes: ?
Assessment Locations: ? Answer: Condition: Vitiligo
Causes: Congenital or autoimmune condition causing lack of
pigment
Assessment Locations: Patchy areas on skin over face, hands, arms
◉ Color: Jaundice
Condition: ?
, Causes: ?
Assessment Locations: ? Answer: Condition: Increased deposit of
bilirubin in tissues
Causes: Liver disease, destruction of red blood cells
Assessment Locations: sclera, mucous membranes, skin
◉ Color: Erythema
Condition: ?
Causes: ?
Assessment Locations: ? Answer: Condition: Increased visibility of
oxyhemoglobin caused by dilation or increased blood flow
Causes: Fever, direct trauma, blushing, alcohol intake
Assessment Locations: Face, area of trauma, sacrum, shoulders,
other common sites for pressure ulcers
◉ Color: Tan-brown
Condition: ?
Causes: ?
Assessment Locations: ? Answer: Condition: Increased amount of
melanin
Causes: Suntan, pregnancy
Assessment Locations: Areas exposed to sun: face, arms, areolae,
nipples
TEST PAPER 2026 COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
◉ List the risks for skin lesions in hospitalized patients. (9) Answer:
A. Exposure to pressure during immobilization
b. Various medications
c. Neurologic impairment
d. Chronic illness
e. Orthopedic injury
f. Diminished mental status
g. Poor tissue oxygenation
h. Low cardiac output
i. Inadequate nutrition
◉ Define pigmentation. Answer: Pigmentation is skin color. It is
usually unifrom over the body
◉ Color: Cyanosis
Condition: ?
Causes: ?
Assessment Locations: ? Answer: Condition: Increased amount of
deoxygenated hemoglobin (associated with hypoxia)
,Causes: Heart or lung disease, cold environment
Assessment Locations: Nail beds, lips, mouth, skin (severe cases)
◉ Color: Pallor
Condition: ?
Causes: ?
Assessment Locations: ? Answer: Condition: Reduced amount of
oxyhemoglobin resulting from decreased blood flow
Causes: Anemia, shock
Assessment Locations: Face, lips, conjunctivae, nail beds, palms of
hands
◉ Color: Loss of pigmentation
Condition: ?
Causes: ?
Assessment Locations: ? Answer: Condition: Vitiligo
Causes: Congenital or autoimmune condition causing lack of
pigment
Assessment Locations: Patchy areas on skin over face, hands, arms
◉ Color: Jaundice
Condition: ?
, Causes: ?
Assessment Locations: ? Answer: Condition: Increased deposit of
bilirubin in tissues
Causes: Liver disease, destruction of red blood cells
Assessment Locations: sclera, mucous membranes, skin
◉ Color: Erythema
Condition: ?
Causes: ?
Assessment Locations: ? Answer: Condition: Increased visibility of
oxyhemoglobin caused by dilation or increased blood flow
Causes: Fever, direct trauma, blushing, alcohol intake
Assessment Locations: Face, area of trauma, sacrum, shoulders,
other common sites for pressure ulcers
◉ Color: Tan-brown
Condition: ?
Causes: ?
Assessment Locations: ? Answer: Condition: Increased amount of
melanin
Causes: Suntan, pregnancy
Assessment Locations: Areas exposed to sun: face, arms, areolae,
nipples
