NURS 231 Portage Pathophysiology Revised Midterm Exam 2026

NURS 231 Portage Pathophysiology Revised Midterm Exam 2026 True/False: Persistent metaplasia can lead to dysplasia. - ANSWER-true True/False: Barrett esophagus is an example of dysplasia. - ANSWER-false (Barrett's esophagus is METAplasia) True/False: Persistent dysplasia eventually results in cancer. - ANSWER-true True/False: Hypertrophy can occur under normal and pathological conditions. - ANSWER-true Match definitions for: sensitivity, reliability, validity, specificity - ANSWER-Sensitivity: proportion of people WITH a disease that test positive for the disease Reliability: likelihood of getting same result with repeat testing Validity: HOW a tool measures what it is intended to measure Specificity: people WITHOUT a disease who test negative for the disease Which are true of the mitochondria? Select all that apply. - ANSWER-It is involved in cellular respiration They play a role in apoptosis Which of the following are true of the cell? Select all that apply. - ANSWER-Proteins carry out the functions of the cell membrane Lysosomes are the digestive system of the cell Microfilaments are thin, threadlike cytoplasmic structures Which are true of the cell membrane? Select all that apply. - ANSWER-Controls the transport of materials from the outside fluids to within Helps with the conduction of electrical currents in nerve and muscle cells Aids in the regulation of cell growth and proliferation Which are false of the mitochondria? Select all that apply. - ANSWER-They are found far from the site of energy consumption They control free radicals High blood pressure is an example of which of the following? - ANSWER Pathophysiology (Pathophysiology is the study of disease, high blood pressure is an example of a disease) NURS 231 NURS 231 A patient complains of chest pain and an elevated blood pressure. What are these examples of? - ANSWER-signs (high blood pressure) AND symptoms (pt complaint of chest pain) Which of the following is NOT helpful to the clinician to make a diagnosis? - ANSWER evidence-based practice (this is a stupid answer but just go with it... the other options were detailed history, physical exam, and lab tests) What are important factors when deciding upon a diagnosis? Select all that apply. - ANSWER-age, race, gender, lifestyle Define tertiary prevention and give an example: - ANSWER-Tertiary prevention occurs after a disease has been diagnosed and clinical intervention is needed to reduce complications or deterioration. One example is the use of certain medications one must take after a heart attack to help reduce the risk of a future event or death. Explain apoptosis and why it is necessary: - ANSWER-Apoptosis is programmed cell death. This process eliminates cells that are worn out, have been produced in excess, have developed improperly, or have genetic damage. Apoptosis is also responsible for several normal physiologic processes, like replacing cell in the intestinal villi and removing aging red blood cells. Explain what necrosis is and give an example and description of one type of necrosis. - ANSWER-Necrosis refers to cell death in an organ or tissues that is still part of a living person. It often interferes with cell replacement and tissue regeneration. Coagulative necrosis results most often from a sudden cutoff of blood supply to an organ (ischemia), particularly the heart and kidney. Liquefactive necrosis occurs when some of the cells die but their catalytic enzymes are not destroyed. It is commonly seen with brain infarcts or abscesses. Caseous necrosis occurs as part of granulomatous inflammation and is most often associated with tuberculosis. Gangrenous necrosis most often affects the lower extremities or bowel and is secondary to vascular occlusion. The term gangrene is applied when a considerable mass of tissue undergoes necrosis. In dry gangrene the affected tissue becomes dry and shrinks, the skin wrinkles, and its color changes to dark brown or black. The spread of dry gangrene is slow. It results from a cut off in arterial blood supply and is a form of coagulation necrosis. In wet gangrene, the affected area is cold, swollen, and pulseless. The skin is moist, black, and under tension. Blebs form on the surface, liquefaction occurs, and a foul odor is caused by bacterial action. The spread of tissue damage is rapid. Match the type of cell injury to the cause. Some answer may be used more than once. - ANSWER-Know causes of cell injury: physical agents, radiation, chemical injury, biologic agents, nutritional imbalances, free radical injury, hypoxic cell injury NURS 231 and know examples of each type List the 4 types of tissue found in the body. Pick 2 and give a description and example of each. - ANSWER-4 types: epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous and know descriptions and examples within each type What term means "cell eating" and engulfs and then kills microorganisms or other particulate matter? - ANSWER-phagocytosis What is the term to describe when cells use energy to move ions against an electrical or chemical gradient? - ANSWER-active transport Give one function of a membrane potential: - ANSWER-Generate nerve impulse, muscle contractions, or cause hormone secretion What is diffusion of water called? - ANSWER-osmosis