UCSD Johnson COGS 17 Midterm 1
W18 Final Exam Fully Solved.
Ipsilateral - Answer making a connection on the same side (left/right) of the nervous system
Contralateral - Answer making a connection on the opposite side (left/right) of the nervous
system
Lateral - Answer towards the sides
Medial - Answer toward the midline
Ventral - Answer toward the stomach, and in the human head, toward the bottom
Dorsal - Answer toward the back of the body, and in the human head, toward the top
Superior - Answer above another part
Inferior - Answer below another part
Rostral/Anterior - Answer Toward the front end (head)
Caudal/Posterior - Answer Toward the back end (tail)
Coronal Plane - Answer plane through brain as seen from the front (corona=crown)
Saggital Plane - Answer plane through brain as seen from the side (sagittarius, the archer)
Horizontal Plane - Answer plane through brain as seen from above (sometimes called the
traverse plane)
Central Nervous System (CNS) - Answer Brain and Spinal Cord
Encased in bone, sheathed in meninges
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) - Answer Nerves outside CNS
,Subsystems: Somatic and Autonomic
Hindbrain - Answer ancient, posterior part of brain consisting of Medulla, Pons, and
Cerebellum
Medulla (medulla oblongata) - Answer - hindbrain structure; controls vital reflexes
- examples of vital reflexes: breathing, heart rate, vomiting, coughing
- overdoses of cocaine, heroin, etc. can be fatal via pathological effects on medulla
- also includes cranial nerves V through XII that carry sensory/motor information to/from the
head
Pons (Latin for bridge) - Answer - hindbrain structure, relays info between cortex and
cerebellum and between brain and spinal cord
- also includes cranial nerves V through XII that carry sensory/motor information to/from the
head
- they include reticular formation and raphe system
Reticular Formation - Answer network of cells moving medially through hind- and midbrain,
involved in arousal
Raphe System - Answer core strip of cells through hind- and midbrain, involved in sleep
Cerebellum ("little brain") - Answer - hindbrain structure, involved primarily with guided,
timed movements
- motor programs, organizes online sensory input to guide movement, modifiable by learning
- critical in timing actions (including graceful, coordinated activity)
- also relevant in shifting attention
Brainstem - Answer - structure along the center-most section of the brain
- hindbrain (not including cerebellum), midbrain, and diencephalon of forebrain
Midbrain - Answer - central structures above hindbrain
- proportionally larger and more important in simpler brians
Tectum (Latin for roof/covering, as in "plate tectonics" in geology) - Answer -midbrain
structure involved in sensory processes
-includes superior (visual- including "blindsight") and inferior (auditory) colliculi
, Tegmentum - Answer - midbrain structure involved in motor processes
- lies below tectum
- also part of reticular formation for arousal
- includes red nucleus and substantia nigra with dopaminergic neurons that degenerate in
Parkinson's disease
- contains cranial nerves III and IV (controlling eye movements)
Forebrain - Answer - most anterior portion of brain
- 2 divisions: diencephalon (part of brains stem) and telencephalon (the rest)
Diencephalon - Answer division of the forebrain that ultimately becomes the Thalamus,
Hypothalamus, and the eye
Thalamus - Answer - forebrain structure, a principal stop along sensory, motor, and arousal
pathways, projects to cortex
- primary source of input to cortex
- most sensory and motor systems (except olfaction) have nuclei here
- also includes intrinsic neurons for info processing within thalamus
Hypothalamus - Answer - forebrain structure (just below thalamus), oversees 4F's (feeding,
fighting, fleeing and fornicating)
- temp and clock
- neural and hormonal connections, especially autonomic nervous system
- controls endocrine systems via affect on pituitary gland
Pituitary Gland - Answer - forebrain structure, "master gland", stimulated by hypothalamus
- produces "releasing hormones" that flow via veins to anterior pituitary stimulating that gland
to release
- produces other hormones sent (like NTs) via axons to posterior pituitary, then circulate in
blood stream
Telencephalon - Answer division of the forebrain that ultimately becomes the Central Cortex,
Basal Ganglia, Basal Forebrain, Limbic System, etc.
Limbic System (Limbus=border) - Answer - a set of forebrain structures involved in
motivation and emotional expression
W18 Final Exam Fully Solved.
Ipsilateral - Answer making a connection on the same side (left/right) of the nervous system
Contralateral - Answer making a connection on the opposite side (left/right) of the nervous
system
Lateral - Answer towards the sides
Medial - Answer toward the midline
Ventral - Answer toward the stomach, and in the human head, toward the bottom
Dorsal - Answer toward the back of the body, and in the human head, toward the top
Superior - Answer above another part
Inferior - Answer below another part
Rostral/Anterior - Answer Toward the front end (head)
Caudal/Posterior - Answer Toward the back end (tail)
Coronal Plane - Answer plane through brain as seen from the front (corona=crown)
Saggital Plane - Answer plane through brain as seen from the side (sagittarius, the archer)
Horizontal Plane - Answer plane through brain as seen from above (sometimes called the
traverse plane)
Central Nervous System (CNS) - Answer Brain and Spinal Cord
Encased in bone, sheathed in meninges
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) - Answer Nerves outside CNS
,Subsystems: Somatic and Autonomic
Hindbrain - Answer ancient, posterior part of brain consisting of Medulla, Pons, and
Cerebellum
Medulla (medulla oblongata) - Answer - hindbrain structure; controls vital reflexes
- examples of vital reflexes: breathing, heart rate, vomiting, coughing
- overdoses of cocaine, heroin, etc. can be fatal via pathological effects on medulla
- also includes cranial nerves V through XII that carry sensory/motor information to/from the
head
Pons (Latin for bridge) - Answer - hindbrain structure, relays info between cortex and
cerebellum and between brain and spinal cord
- also includes cranial nerves V through XII that carry sensory/motor information to/from the
head
- they include reticular formation and raphe system
Reticular Formation - Answer network of cells moving medially through hind- and midbrain,
involved in arousal
Raphe System - Answer core strip of cells through hind- and midbrain, involved in sleep
Cerebellum ("little brain") - Answer - hindbrain structure, involved primarily with guided,
timed movements
- motor programs, organizes online sensory input to guide movement, modifiable by learning
- critical in timing actions (including graceful, coordinated activity)
- also relevant in shifting attention
Brainstem - Answer - structure along the center-most section of the brain
- hindbrain (not including cerebellum), midbrain, and diencephalon of forebrain
Midbrain - Answer - central structures above hindbrain
- proportionally larger and more important in simpler brians
Tectum (Latin for roof/covering, as in "plate tectonics" in geology) - Answer -midbrain
structure involved in sensory processes
-includes superior (visual- including "blindsight") and inferior (auditory) colliculi
, Tegmentum - Answer - midbrain structure involved in motor processes
- lies below tectum
- also part of reticular formation for arousal
- includes red nucleus and substantia nigra with dopaminergic neurons that degenerate in
Parkinson's disease
- contains cranial nerves III and IV (controlling eye movements)
Forebrain - Answer - most anterior portion of brain
- 2 divisions: diencephalon (part of brains stem) and telencephalon (the rest)
Diencephalon - Answer division of the forebrain that ultimately becomes the Thalamus,
Hypothalamus, and the eye
Thalamus - Answer - forebrain structure, a principal stop along sensory, motor, and arousal
pathways, projects to cortex
- primary source of input to cortex
- most sensory and motor systems (except olfaction) have nuclei here
- also includes intrinsic neurons for info processing within thalamus
Hypothalamus - Answer - forebrain structure (just below thalamus), oversees 4F's (feeding,
fighting, fleeing and fornicating)
- temp and clock
- neural and hormonal connections, especially autonomic nervous system
- controls endocrine systems via affect on pituitary gland
Pituitary Gland - Answer - forebrain structure, "master gland", stimulated by hypothalamus
- produces "releasing hormones" that flow via veins to anterior pituitary stimulating that gland
to release
- produces other hormones sent (like NTs) via axons to posterior pituitary, then circulate in
blood stream
Telencephalon - Answer division of the forebrain that ultimately becomes the Central Cortex,
Basal Ganglia, Basal Forebrain, Limbic System, etc.
Limbic System (Limbus=border) - Answer - a set of forebrain structures involved in
motivation and emotional expression
