NURS 3366 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
EXAM 2 STUDY GUIDE 2026/2027
COMPLETE QUESTIONS WITH
VERIFIED CORRECT ANSWERS ||
100% GUARANTEED PASS
<NEWEST VERSION>
1. Innate resistance? - ANSWER ✔ natural- mechanisms born with
2. What are the 1st, 2nd and 3rd lines of defense in innate resistance? -
ANSWER ✔ 1st- physical barriers (skin); immediate & nonspecific
2nd- inflammation; immediate and nonspecific
3rd- Acquired (adaptive) immunity
3. Acquired (adaptive) immunity - ANSWER ✔ also the 3rd line of defense
-resist certain disease because of immunocytes
-delayed and specific
4. What are immunocytes? - ANSWER ✔ lymphocytes- B and T cells
5. What is the 1st line of defense and how does it work? - ANSWER ✔ Skin!
-sweat has antibacterial and antifungal properties
6. Eye defense? - ANSWER ✔ 1st line of defense
, -tears (Sjogren's syndrome) autoimmune that dries up lubricating fluids all
over body not just tears
-eyelashes
7. Respiratory defense? - ANSWER ✔ mucus in nose traps bacteria
cilia of bronchi cells sweep away foreign bodies
cough reflex
8. Gastrointestinal defense? - ANSWER ✔ -saliva with protective enzymes
-HCl in stomach
gage reflex/vomiting gets rid of injurious agents
-bowels
9. Genitourinary defense? - ANSWER ✔ -flow of urine washes away microbes
-vaginal secretions slightly acidic-kills bacteria
10.What is anemia? - ANSWER ✔ less than normal RBC circulating and
decrease in Hgb
-anemia is the RESULT of a disease process and is a "state" or "condition"
but is rarely a disease process itself
11.What is anemia a result of in disorders? - ANSWER ✔ -any kind of decrease
in erythropoiesis such as bone marrow dysfunction
-loss of RBC in hemorrhage or pathologic hemolysis
12.What is a normal RBC, MCV, Hct and Hgb? - ANSWER ✔ Red blood cell
count= 4-6 million
, mean corpuscular volume (size)= 80-95
hematocrit(percent of RBC In blood)= 42-52%
Hemoglobin= 14-18
13.What is microcytic anemia
MCV is
RBC is - ANSWER ✔ MCV is smaller than normal
MCV<80
RBC<4 million
14.What type of RBC do you get with microcytic anemia and what are some
examples of why a person might have this? What is microcytic anemia also
called? - ANSWER ✔ -body churns out RBC that are smaller (MCV<80)
because something causes the body to slowly, chronically, lose RBC and
runs low
-women with heavy menses
-occult (hidden) GI bleeding
IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA! because Fe (Iron) is essential part in
making Hgb which are lost with the RBC
15.What are S/S of microcytic anemia? Tx? - ANSWER ✔ fatigue, weakness,
SOB and dullmentation
-low MCV and Hgb
-stop bleeding and give iron supplements
, 16.What is normocytic anemia? - ANSWER ✔ anemia where size of RBC is
normal (MCV normal) but low RBC <4 million
-RBC: < 4million
-MCV: 80-95
17.What is the cause of normocytic anemia? - ANSWER ✔ -RAPID blood loss
so no time for compensatory response of small (MCV under 80) RBC to be
created
or
chronic disease that cause a slow down in production of RBC and get
produced in their normal state just slower and less in numbers
EX: lupus, AIDS, chronic renal failure
18.S/S of normocytic anemia? - ANSWER ✔ weakness, SOB, dullmentation,
fatigue
-low RBC (<4 million), normal MCV (80-95)
19.what is the tx for normocytic anemia? - ANSWER ✔ -give blood for rapid
blood loss
-if chronic, give erythropoeitin to stimulate bone marrow to make more RBC
20.What is macrocytic anemia? - ANSWER ✔ MCV is larger than normal > 95
and RBC <4 million
EXAM 2 STUDY GUIDE 2026/2027
COMPLETE QUESTIONS WITH
VERIFIED CORRECT ANSWERS ||
100% GUARANTEED PASS
<NEWEST VERSION>
1. Innate resistance? - ANSWER ✔ natural- mechanisms born with
2. What are the 1st, 2nd and 3rd lines of defense in innate resistance? -
ANSWER ✔ 1st- physical barriers (skin); immediate & nonspecific
2nd- inflammation; immediate and nonspecific
3rd- Acquired (adaptive) immunity
3. Acquired (adaptive) immunity - ANSWER ✔ also the 3rd line of defense
-resist certain disease because of immunocytes
-delayed and specific
4. What are immunocytes? - ANSWER ✔ lymphocytes- B and T cells
5. What is the 1st line of defense and how does it work? - ANSWER ✔ Skin!
-sweat has antibacterial and antifungal properties
6. Eye defense? - ANSWER ✔ 1st line of defense
, -tears (Sjogren's syndrome) autoimmune that dries up lubricating fluids all
over body not just tears
-eyelashes
7. Respiratory defense? - ANSWER ✔ mucus in nose traps bacteria
cilia of bronchi cells sweep away foreign bodies
cough reflex
8. Gastrointestinal defense? - ANSWER ✔ -saliva with protective enzymes
-HCl in stomach
gage reflex/vomiting gets rid of injurious agents
-bowels
9. Genitourinary defense? - ANSWER ✔ -flow of urine washes away microbes
-vaginal secretions slightly acidic-kills bacteria
10.What is anemia? - ANSWER ✔ less than normal RBC circulating and
decrease in Hgb
-anemia is the RESULT of a disease process and is a "state" or "condition"
but is rarely a disease process itself
11.What is anemia a result of in disorders? - ANSWER ✔ -any kind of decrease
in erythropoiesis such as bone marrow dysfunction
-loss of RBC in hemorrhage or pathologic hemolysis
12.What is a normal RBC, MCV, Hct and Hgb? - ANSWER ✔ Red blood cell
count= 4-6 million
, mean corpuscular volume (size)= 80-95
hematocrit(percent of RBC In blood)= 42-52%
Hemoglobin= 14-18
13.What is microcytic anemia
MCV is
RBC is - ANSWER ✔ MCV is smaller than normal
MCV<80
RBC<4 million
14.What type of RBC do you get with microcytic anemia and what are some
examples of why a person might have this? What is microcytic anemia also
called? - ANSWER ✔ -body churns out RBC that are smaller (MCV<80)
because something causes the body to slowly, chronically, lose RBC and
runs low
-women with heavy menses
-occult (hidden) GI bleeding
IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA! because Fe (Iron) is essential part in
making Hgb which are lost with the RBC
15.What are S/S of microcytic anemia? Tx? - ANSWER ✔ fatigue, weakness,
SOB and dullmentation
-low MCV and Hgb
-stop bleeding and give iron supplements
, 16.What is normocytic anemia? - ANSWER ✔ anemia where size of RBC is
normal (MCV normal) but low RBC <4 million
-RBC: < 4million
-MCV: 80-95
17.What is the cause of normocytic anemia? - ANSWER ✔ -RAPID blood loss
so no time for compensatory response of small (MCV under 80) RBC to be
created
or
chronic disease that cause a slow down in production of RBC and get
produced in their normal state just slower and less in numbers
EX: lupus, AIDS, chronic renal failure
18.S/S of normocytic anemia? - ANSWER ✔ weakness, SOB, dullmentation,
fatigue
-low RBC (<4 million), normal MCV (80-95)
19.what is the tx for normocytic anemia? - ANSWER ✔ -give blood for rapid
blood loss
-if chronic, give erythropoeitin to stimulate bone marrow to make more RBC
20.What is macrocytic anemia? - ANSWER ✔ MCV is larger than normal > 95
and RBC <4 million
