BIO 189 MIDTERM REVISED STUDY GUIDE EXAM 2026

BIO 189 MIDTERM REVISED STUDY GUIDE EXAM 2026 Archaea - --Singular, archaeon. -Group of prokaryotes that are more closely related to eukaryotes than to bacteria. Atom - -Smallest unit of matter. Consists of varying numbers of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Bacteria - -Single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus; prokaryotes Biology - -The scientific study of life. Cell - --Smallest unit of life. -All start out life with a plasma membrane, cytosol, and DNA. Community - -All populations of all species living in a defined area. Control group - -In an experiment, a group of individuals identical to an experimental group except for the variable under investigation. Controlled variable - -Factor in an experiment that scientist purposely keep the same Critical thinking - -The act of evaluating information before accepting it. Dependent variable - -The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable. DNA - --Deoxyribonucleic acid. -Double-stranded nucleic acid that consists of deoxyribose-containing nucleotides. -Carries hereditary information. Experiment - -Statement, based on a hypothesis, about a condition that should reasonably occur if the hypothesis is correct. Experimental group - --In an experiment, a group of individuals who have a certain characteristic or receive a certain treatment. -Tested side by side with a control group. Fungi - --Plural, fungi. -Single-celled or multicelled eukaryotic -Consumer that breaks down material outside itself, then absorbs nutrients released from the breakdown. Bio 189 Bio 189 Genus - --Plural, genera. -A group of species that share a unique set of traits. -First part of a species name. Homeostasis - -Process in which cells and multicelled organisms keeps their internal conditions within tolerable ranges by sensing and responding appropriately to change. Independent variable - -The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied. Inheritance - -Transmission of DNA to offspring. Law of nature - -Generalization describing a consistent natural phenomenon that has an incomplete scientific explanation. Model - -Analogous system in an experiment; tested in place of another subject. Molecule - -Two or more atoms joined by chemical bonds. Nutrient - -A substance that an organism must acquire from the environment to support growth and survival. Organ - -In multicelled organisms, a structure that consists of tissues engaged in a collective task. Organism - -Individual that consists of one or more cells. Organ system - -In multicelled organisms, a set of interacting organs and tissues that carry out one or more body functions. Photosynthesis - -Metabolic pathway by which most autotrophs use light energy to make sugars from carbon dioxide and water. Plants - --A multicelled eukaryotic producer -Most are photosynthetic and live on land. -Develops from an embryo that forms on the parent and is nourished by it. Protist - -General term for eukaryote that is not a fungus, plant, or animal. Pseudoscience - -Claims, arguments, or methods that are presented as science, but do not follow scientific principles. Sampling error - -Difference between results obtained from a subset, and results obtained from the whole. Bio 189 Bio 189 Science - -Systematic study of the observable world. Scientific method - --Making hypotheses -Evaluating predictions that flow from them -Forming conclusions based on the resulting data. Species - -Unique type of organism. Of sexual reproducers, often defined as one or more groups of individuals that can potentially interbreed, produce fertile offspring, and do not interbreed with other groups. Designated by genus name and specific epithet. Statistically significant - -Refers to a result that is statistically very unlikely to have occurred by chance alone. Taxon - --Plural, taxa. A rank in the classification of life -Consists of a group of organisms that share a unique set of traits. E.g., domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species. Tissue - -In multicelled organisms, collection of specialized cells organized in a way that allows them to perform a collective function. Traits - -An inherited characteristic of an organism or species. Variable - -In an experiment, a characteristic or event that differs among individuals or over time. Describe the variables found within an experiment - --Independent -Dependent -Controlled Describe the criteria that qualify a hypothesis for status as a scientific theory. - --Stands for many years of systemic challenges -Consistent with existing evidence -Researchers use it to make successful predictions about a wide range of other phenomena How can a sampling error be minimized? - -- Use high quality sampling method - Increase sample size How can scientists avoid bias? - -Select a random sampling of people with set preliminary guidelines Quantitative Vs. qualitative results - -*Quantitative* -Information about quantities -Measurable outcomes *Qualitative* -Data is descriptive Bio 189 -Can be observed but not measured A species is a(n) ____________ type of organism. - -Unique The smallest unit of matter is the __________. - -Atom The smallest unit of life is the _______. - -Cell All organisms must acquire ___________ and___________from the environment to maintain themselves, grow, and reproduce. - -Nutrients; energy ___________ is the transmission of DNA to offspring. - -Inheritance __________is a process by which an organism produces offspring. - -Reproduction By sensing and responding to change, organisms keep conditions in their internal environment within ranges that cells can tolerate. This process is called __