POWER ENGINEERING 2A2 PRACTICE PAPER
2026 COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
◉ Define 'Extractive' Metallurgy. Answer: - The study of extraction
and purification of metals from their ores. This includes a stepped
process which can utilize Pyrometallurgy, Hydrometallurgy or
Electrometallurgy
◉ Define Pyrometallurgy: Answer: - Melting the ore in a furnace to
release the metal
◉ Define Hydrometallurgy: Answer: - Dissolving the metal from the
ore and recovering it as a powder
◉ Define Electrometallurgy: Answer: - Dissolving the metal from the
ore with the use of electricity, plate the metal out of solution
◉ What is Mechanical Metallurgy? Answer: - The study of the
techniques and mechanical forces that shape and make finished
forms of metal
- The study of the effects of stress, time and temperature
,◉ What is Physical Metallurgy? Answer: - The study of the structure
of metals - property of metals are intimately related to their
structures
- The physical metallurgy - or structure of a metal - can be changed
by modifying chemical composition, alloys and heat treatments
◉ General characteristics of 'Metals'? Answer: - Good conductors of
heat and electricity
- Generally malleable and ductile
- Occur naturally in ores in the form of chemical compounds such as
sulphides or oxides
◉ What are Noble Metals? Answer: - A metal that resists chemical
action and does not corrode or oxidize, and is not easily attacked by
acids
◉ Metals can exist in 3 common physical states depending on what?
Answer: Temperature and pressure
◉ Describe 'latent heat of fusion' in relation to metals. Answer: - Het
energy is added until temperature no longer increases and the
cohesive bonds holding the individual atoms together break. This
causes the metal to melt.
,◉ The main concern with metallurgy and industry is...? Answer: -
The complexity of the solid-to liquid-to solid phase changes metals
go through as they are refined
- The chemical and physical properties exhibited by them during
these transitions
◉ Define 'Unit Cells' in relation to the atomic structure of metals.
Answer: - When a metal changes state from molten to solid, the rigid
atomic structure of the atoms settles in 1 of 3 possible
configurations:
1) Face-centered cubic (FCC) unit cells
2) Body-centered cubic (BCC) unit cells
3) Close Packed Hexagonal (CPH) unit cells
◉ Face-centered Cubic (FCC) unit cells? Answer: - 14 atoms make up
the FCC cell
- Properties include: high ductility, low shear, low tensile strength,
but good thermal and electrical conductivity
◉ Define Ductility: Answer: - A measure of a metals ability to
undergo significant plastic deformation before rupture, which may
be expressed as elongation or percent area reduction from a tensile
test.
- Often characterized by a materials ability to be stretched into a
wire
, ◉ Define Malleability: Answer: - A materials ability to deform under
compressive stress; often characterized by a materials ability to
form a thin sheet by hammering or rolling - without fracture.
◉ Both ductility and malleability are aspects of a materials...?
Answer: - Plasticity: the extent to which a solid material can be
plastically deformed without fracture
- The plasticity is dependant on temperature and pressure
◉ Ductility and malleability are not always coextensive. True or
False? Answer: True. Gold is both ductile and malleable while Lead
has a very low ductility but high malleability.
◉ What is Shear Strength? Answer: - The strength of a material or
component against the type of yield or structural failure when the
component fails in shear.
◉ What is Shear Load? Answer: - A force that tends to produce a
sliding failure on a material along a plane that is parallel to the
direction of the force.
◉ Metals that have FCC unit cell structures in the solid state?
Answer: - Gold, aluminum, silver, lead, nickel, gamma iron (iron
between temperatures 910 - 1390 deg.C)
2026 COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
◉ Define 'Extractive' Metallurgy. Answer: - The study of extraction
and purification of metals from their ores. This includes a stepped
process which can utilize Pyrometallurgy, Hydrometallurgy or
Electrometallurgy
◉ Define Pyrometallurgy: Answer: - Melting the ore in a furnace to
release the metal
◉ Define Hydrometallurgy: Answer: - Dissolving the metal from the
ore and recovering it as a powder
◉ Define Electrometallurgy: Answer: - Dissolving the metal from the
ore with the use of electricity, plate the metal out of solution
◉ What is Mechanical Metallurgy? Answer: - The study of the
techniques and mechanical forces that shape and make finished
forms of metal
- The study of the effects of stress, time and temperature
,◉ What is Physical Metallurgy? Answer: - The study of the structure
of metals - property of metals are intimately related to their
structures
- The physical metallurgy - or structure of a metal - can be changed
by modifying chemical composition, alloys and heat treatments
◉ General characteristics of 'Metals'? Answer: - Good conductors of
heat and electricity
- Generally malleable and ductile
- Occur naturally in ores in the form of chemical compounds such as
sulphides or oxides
◉ What are Noble Metals? Answer: - A metal that resists chemical
action and does not corrode or oxidize, and is not easily attacked by
acids
◉ Metals can exist in 3 common physical states depending on what?
Answer: Temperature and pressure
◉ Describe 'latent heat of fusion' in relation to metals. Answer: - Het
energy is added until temperature no longer increases and the
cohesive bonds holding the individual atoms together break. This
causes the metal to melt.
,◉ The main concern with metallurgy and industry is...? Answer: -
The complexity of the solid-to liquid-to solid phase changes metals
go through as they are refined
- The chemical and physical properties exhibited by them during
these transitions
◉ Define 'Unit Cells' in relation to the atomic structure of metals.
Answer: - When a metal changes state from molten to solid, the rigid
atomic structure of the atoms settles in 1 of 3 possible
configurations:
1) Face-centered cubic (FCC) unit cells
2) Body-centered cubic (BCC) unit cells
3) Close Packed Hexagonal (CPH) unit cells
◉ Face-centered Cubic (FCC) unit cells? Answer: - 14 atoms make up
the FCC cell
- Properties include: high ductility, low shear, low tensile strength,
but good thermal and electrical conductivity
◉ Define Ductility: Answer: - A measure of a metals ability to
undergo significant plastic deformation before rupture, which may
be expressed as elongation or percent area reduction from a tensile
test.
- Often characterized by a materials ability to be stretched into a
wire
, ◉ Define Malleability: Answer: - A materials ability to deform under
compressive stress; often characterized by a materials ability to
form a thin sheet by hammering or rolling - without fracture.
◉ Both ductility and malleability are aspects of a materials...?
Answer: - Plasticity: the extent to which a solid material can be
plastically deformed without fracture
- The plasticity is dependant on temperature and pressure
◉ Ductility and malleability are not always coextensive. True or
False? Answer: True. Gold is both ductile and malleable while Lead
has a very low ductility but high malleability.
◉ What is Shear Strength? Answer: - The strength of a material or
component against the type of yield or structural failure when the
component fails in shear.
◉ What is Shear Load? Answer: - A force that tends to produce a
sliding failure on a material along a plane that is parallel to the
direction of the force.
◉ Metals that have FCC unit cell structures in the solid state?
Answer: - Gold, aluminum, silver, lead, nickel, gamma iron (iron
between temperatures 910 - 1390 deg.C)
