NURS 257 EXAM 3 SKILL VERIFICATION &
STRUCTURED STUDY FULL ANSWERS 2026.
◍ hayflicks theory.Answer:-programmed aging
-cellular aging
-normal human cell can only replicate and divide 40 - 60 times before
it cannot divide anymore, and will breakdown by programmed cell
death (apoptosis and replicative senescence). --theory does not apply
to stem cells, difficult to prove secondary to concurrent chronic
diseases
◍ Molecular Clock Theory.Answer:DNA changes; each time a cell
undergoes mitosis, the telomeres on the ends of each chromosome
shorten slightly' "intrinsic mutagenesis". Eventually loss of telomeres
stops the ability of chromosomes to replicate.
◍ Wear- and Tear Theories of Aging.Answer:Errors in the replication
of cells and accumulation of damaging byproducts eventually leads to
declining cellular function and aging.
◍ Free Radical/Oxidative Stress Theory.Answer:Secondary to the
buildup of unstable oxygen compounds, cumulative damage to cells
and tissues as a result of aerobic metabolism. In addition,
environmental oxidizing agents can cause harm to cell membranes
and cells. The body produces antioxidant enzymes and in part,
antioxidants are derived from healthy diet. Plant chemicals
,(phytochemicals) are antioxidants and can block the formation of free
radicals.
◍ LBM.Answer:Sum of fat-free tissues; comprising bone, muscle &
water
◍ Sarcopenia.Answer:Age- associated loss of skeletal muscle mass
and function
◍ Proportion distortion.Answer:Refers to the growing portion sizes
that people call "normal"
◍ Weight gain.Answer:Fat accumulation
◍ Normal Aging & Physiological Changes.Answer:-LBM
-Sarcopenia
-Weight gain
-Decline in taste and smell, appetite & thirst
-Decline in oral health:
◍ The daily recommended intake of fiber.Answer:22-28 g
◍ What is nitrogen balance?.Answer:the difference between intake
and loss of total protein
, ◍ what is the second most common nutrient deficiency.Answer:dairy
◍ total fat.Answer:20-35 percent calories
◍ DRI water/ fluid intake.Answer:1mL of fluid per calorie eaten;
(minimum 1500 mL fluid/day).
◍ what are nutrients of concern among older adults.Answer:Fiber,
iron, B12 & water
◍ Vitamin A.Answer:-organic compound,
-includes retinol & retinoic acid
-Very important to vision, growth & cell division, antioxidant.
-Check liver function laboratory tests because older adults are more
vulnerable to toxicity.
-Fat soluble vitamins do not clear the body via urine.
◍ Vitamin D.Answer:-Among the elderly, is common
-Calciferol (Vitamin -2) is fat soluble and increases intestinal
absorption of calcium, magnesium and phosphate
◍ Vitamin E.Answer:-deficiency is rare
-Alpha-tocopherol acts as an antioxidant enhances immune function.
STRUCTURED STUDY FULL ANSWERS 2026.
◍ hayflicks theory.Answer:-programmed aging
-cellular aging
-normal human cell can only replicate and divide 40 - 60 times before
it cannot divide anymore, and will breakdown by programmed cell
death (apoptosis and replicative senescence). --theory does not apply
to stem cells, difficult to prove secondary to concurrent chronic
diseases
◍ Molecular Clock Theory.Answer:DNA changes; each time a cell
undergoes mitosis, the telomeres on the ends of each chromosome
shorten slightly' "intrinsic mutagenesis". Eventually loss of telomeres
stops the ability of chromosomes to replicate.
◍ Wear- and Tear Theories of Aging.Answer:Errors in the replication
of cells and accumulation of damaging byproducts eventually leads to
declining cellular function and aging.
◍ Free Radical/Oxidative Stress Theory.Answer:Secondary to the
buildup of unstable oxygen compounds, cumulative damage to cells
and tissues as a result of aerobic metabolism. In addition,
environmental oxidizing agents can cause harm to cell membranes
and cells. The body produces antioxidant enzymes and in part,
antioxidants are derived from healthy diet. Plant chemicals
,(phytochemicals) are antioxidants and can block the formation of free
radicals.
◍ LBM.Answer:Sum of fat-free tissues; comprising bone, muscle &
water
◍ Sarcopenia.Answer:Age- associated loss of skeletal muscle mass
and function
◍ Proportion distortion.Answer:Refers to the growing portion sizes
that people call "normal"
◍ Weight gain.Answer:Fat accumulation
◍ Normal Aging & Physiological Changes.Answer:-LBM
-Sarcopenia
-Weight gain
-Decline in taste and smell, appetite & thirst
-Decline in oral health:
◍ The daily recommended intake of fiber.Answer:22-28 g
◍ What is nitrogen balance?.Answer:the difference between intake
and loss of total protein
, ◍ what is the second most common nutrient deficiency.Answer:dairy
◍ total fat.Answer:20-35 percent calories
◍ DRI water/ fluid intake.Answer:1mL of fluid per calorie eaten;
(minimum 1500 mL fluid/day).
◍ what are nutrients of concern among older adults.Answer:Fiber,
iron, B12 & water
◍ Vitamin A.Answer:-organic compound,
-includes retinol & retinoic acid
-Very important to vision, growth & cell division, antioxidant.
-Check liver function laboratory tests because older adults are more
vulnerable to toxicity.
-Fat soluble vitamins do not clear the body via urine.
◍ Vitamin D.Answer:-Among the elderly, is common
-Calciferol (Vitamin -2) is fat soluble and increases intestinal
absorption of calcium, magnesium and phosphate
◍ Vitamin E.Answer:-deficiency is rare
-Alpha-tocopherol acts as an antioxidant enhances immune function.
