NURS 257 EXAM 3 EVALUATION GUIDE &
CERTIFICATION REVIEW PREDICTIVE
2026.
◍ Type 1 vs Type 2 diabetes Answer:Insulin dependent vs insulin
resistant
◍ Risk factors for developing diabetes Answer:-45y/o
-blood pressure greater than or equal to 140/90
-1st degree relative w/ DM
-prediabetes
-overweight/obese
-inactivity
-gestational diabetes or baby weighs >9lbs
-hx of CV disease
-undesirable lipid levels (HDL<35 ; trig >250)
-atypical antipsychotics or glucocorticoids
◍ Type 1 diabetes key points Answer:-Autoimmune: immune system
attacks insulin-secreting cells
-Usually children or adolescents but <30y/o
-Sx: 3p's, glucosuria, sudden weight loss, fatigue, delayed wound
healing, vaginal yeast infections, numbness/tingling in extremities
,◍ Type 2 diabetes key points Answer:-Progressive: initial insulin
resistance leads to decreased production of insulin
-Can occur at any age
-Sx: often subtle or absent, blurred vision, CV or neuro complications
◍ Dx prediabetes Answer:-Fasting blood glucose 100-125
-HgbA1C 5.7-6.4
◍ Dx diabetes Answer:-Fasting blood glucose >125
-HgbA1C >6.4
-Random blood glucose >200
◍ Hypoglycemia key points Answer:-Blood glucose <70 (galen labs
book/pptx says <60)
-Sx: hunger, sweating, tremors, anxiety, irritability, tachycardia
-Neuroglycopenic sx
-Neurogenic sx
-Common causes: too much insulin, insulin at the wrong time, wrong
insulin, decreased food intake, decreased peristalsis, alcohol
◍ Neuroglycopenic sx Answer:-brain glucose gradually declines to
low levels
, -Sx: weakness, fatigue, difficulty thinking, confusion, behavioral
changes, seizures, emotional instability, loss of consciousness, brain
damage, death
◍ Neurogenic sx Answer:-autonomic nerve activity triggered by a
rapid decline in blood glucose
-Adrenergic Sx: Shaky/tremulous, heart pounding, nervous/anxious
-Cholinergic: Sweaty, hungry, tingling
◍ Hyperglycemia key points Answer:Sx: Skin warm/dry/vasodilated,
dehydrated, fruity breath, kussmaul respirations, abdominal cramps,
n/v, decreased neck vein filling, orthostatic hypotension, tachycardia,
poor skin turgor, ketones in urine, coma
Macrovascular Complications: CAD, PVD, Cerebrovascular disease
Microvascular Complications: Nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy
Other Complications: Ischemia, organ damage, glucose toxicity
◍ Diabetes and the older adult key points Answer:-Leading cause of
end-stage renal disease and blindness in those older than 65y/o
-Contributes to delayed wound healing, sexual dysfunction, and
depression
-Complications: CVD, stroke, neuropathy, periodontal disease
◍ Function disabilities r/t diabetes in the older adult Answer:-
Impaired mobility
-Falls
CERTIFICATION REVIEW PREDICTIVE
2026.
◍ Type 1 vs Type 2 diabetes Answer:Insulin dependent vs insulin
resistant
◍ Risk factors for developing diabetes Answer:-45y/o
-blood pressure greater than or equal to 140/90
-1st degree relative w/ DM
-prediabetes
-overweight/obese
-inactivity
-gestational diabetes or baby weighs >9lbs
-hx of CV disease
-undesirable lipid levels (HDL<35 ; trig >250)
-atypical antipsychotics or glucocorticoids
◍ Type 1 diabetes key points Answer:-Autoimmune: immune system
attacks insulin-secreting cells
-Usually children or adolescents but <30y/o
-Sx: 3p's, glucosuria, sudden weight loss, fatigue, delayed wound
healing, vaginal yeast infections, numbness/tingling in extremities
,◍ Type 2 diabetes key points Answer:-Progressive: initial insulin
resistance leads to decreased production of insulin
-Can occur at any age
-Sx: often subtle or absent, blurred vision, CV or neuro complications
◍ Dx prediabetes Answer:-Fasting blood glucose 100-125
-HgbA1C 5.7-6.4
◍ Dx diabetes Answer:-Fasting blood glucose >125
-HgbA1C >6.4
-Random blood glucose >200
◍ Hypoglycemia key points Answer:-Blood glucose <70 (galen labs
book/pptx says <60)
-Sx: hunger, sweating, tremors, anxiety, irritability, tachycardia
-Neuroglycopenic sx
-Neurogenic sx
-Common causes: too much insulin, insulin at the wrong time, wrong
insulin, decreased food intake, decreased peristalsis, alcohol
◍ Neuroglycopenic sx Answer:-brain glucose gradually declines to
low levels
, -Sx: weakness, fatigue, difficulty thinking, confusion, behavioral
changes, seizures, emotional instability, loss of consciousness, brain
damage, death
◍ Neurogenic sx Answer:-autonomic nerve activity triggered by a
rapid decline in blood glucose
-Adrenergic Sx: Shaky/tremulous, heart pounding, nervous/anxious
-Cholinergic: Sweaty, hungry, tingling
◍ Hyperglycemia key points Answer:Sx: Skin warm/dry/vasodilated,
dehydrated, fruity breath, kussmaul respirations, abdominal cramps,
n/v, decreased neck vein filling, orthostatic hypotension, tachycardia,
poor skin turgor, ketones in urine, coma
Macrovascular Complications: CAD, PVD, Cerebrovascular disease
Microvascular Complications: Nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy
Other Complications: Ischemia, organ damage, glucose toxicity
◍ Diabetes and the older adult key points Answer:-Leading cause of
end-stage renal disease and blindness in those older than 65y/o
-Contributes to delayed wound healing, sexual dysfunction, and
depression
-Complications: CVD, stroke, neuropathy, periodontal disease
◍ Function disabilities r/t diabetes in the older adult Answer:-
Impaired mobility
-Falls
