RLGN 104 LATEST 2026 TEST PAPER QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔False analogy - ✔✔occurs when an argument is formulated on the basis of a
comparison of unrelated things. People often apply their knowledge of one thing and
use it in conjunction with an unrelated area
✔✔False dilemma fallacy - ✔✔occurs in an argument when a person oversimplifies a
complex issue to make it appear that only two alternatives are possible
✔✔hasty conclusion fallacy - ✔✔one makes a judgment on the basis of one or even a
few samples. This argument is used when a conclusion is made without enough
evidence.
✔✔Is/ought naturalist fallacy - ✔✔occurs when a person comes to a conclusion about
the way things ought to be on the basis of how things are or are assumed to be. It is
coming to an "ought" from an "is."
✔✔Overgeneralization fallacy - ✔✔when a judgment is made about an entire group of
people based upon the behavior, usually undesirable, of a few in that group. This is also
known more popularly as stereotyping.
✔✔Oversimplification fallacy - ✔✔to conclude that an effect has only one cause when in
reality it is the result of multiple causes. It is also ignoring the complexity of the issue
and omitting other vital information to draw a conclusion.
✔✔Red herring fallacy - ✔✔raising an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the
primary issue. This fallacy often appeals to fear or pity. The argument also can use guilt
to manipulate others into agreement and action. It is often inserted into an argument to
help a person win the argument without directly dealing with the real issue. It is
irrelevant to the real issue at hand, though it may seem to be related.
✔✔Selective perception fallacy - ✔✔arguing a point by selecting and presenting only
the evidence that supports one's current position or opinion. It omits the evidence
against it.
✔✔Slippery slope fallacy - ✔✔used when a person argues against an action on the
unsupported assertion that it will lead to a worse condition. An assumption is taking
place. The argument could be described this way: A leads to B, which will inevitably
leads to C. Although there might be reasons why C in this case is assumed to occur, in
reality it is only speculative and can't be proven.
✔✔Straw man fallacy - ✔✔occurs when a person presents another person's argument
in a weak, misrepresented, or exaggerated form in order to win the argument.
, ✔✔4 arguments to prove God's existence - ✔✔Cosmological, teleological, moral, and
experimental arguments
✔✔Cosmological argument - ✔✔the universe has a cause and must therefore have a
creator.
✔✔Leibnizian cosmological argument - ✔✔There is an explanation for the existence of
anything that exists.
If there is an explanation of the existence of the universe, that explanation is God.
The universe exists.
Therefore, there is an explanation of the existence of the universe.
Therefore, the explanation of the existence of the universe is God.
✔✔Telelogical argument - ✔✔argues that the universe is so well designed and finely
tuned that only a creator could have made it
✔✔naturalism - ✔✔the philosophy that only nature exists and the supernatural is
superfluous, generally suggests that the current universe is a product of a series of
evolutions over billions of years; fails to explain complexity of universe
-William Paley's watchmaker
✔✔Irreducable complexity - ✔✔idea that many molecular machines are simply too
complex to have formed via evolution
✔✔Moral argument - ✔✔suggests that without God, there can be no true source of
morality. Since all people share some sense of morality, or right and wrong, there must
be an ultimate moral lawgiver. If there is no God, morality is subjective, becoming a
matter of preference rather than a standard to be met.
-If God does not exist, then objective morals do not either
-Objective morals do exist
-therefore, God exists
✔✔Experiential argument - ✔✔It simply comes from personal experience, rooting itself
in the experiences that people have had with God. If a person has had an encounter
with God, then this encounter is evidence that God exists.
✔✔Monotheism - ✔✔belief in one God; core belief of Christianity
✔✔Members of trinity: God - ✔✔Eternal (Deut 33:27).
Self-existent (Exod 3:13-14).
Infinite (1 Kgs 8:22-27).
Transcendent (Ps 139:7-12).
Omnipotent (Rev 19:6).
Omniscient (Ps 147:5).
Immutable (Jas 1:17).
ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔False analogy - ✔✔occurs when an argument is formulated on the basis of a
comparison of unrelated things. People often apply their knowledge of one thing and
use it in conjunction with an unrelated area
✔✔False dilemma fallacy - ✔✔occurs in an argument when a person oversimplifies a
complex issue to make it appear that only two alternatives are possible
✔✔hasty conclusion fallacy - ✔✔one makes a judgment on the basis of one or even a
few samples. This argument is used when a conclusion is made without enough
evidence.
✔✔Is/ought naturalist fallacy - ✔✔occurs when a person comes to a conclusion about
the way things ought to be on the basis of how things are or are assumed to be. It is
coming to an "ought" from an "is."
✔✔Overgeneralization fallacy - ✔✔when a judgment is made about an entire group of
people based upon the behavior, usually undesirable, of a few in that group. This is also
known more popularly as stereotyping.
✔✔Oversimplification fallacy - ✔✔to conclude that an effect has only one cause when in
reality it is the result of multiple causes. It is also ignoring the complexity of the issue
and omitting other vital information to draw a conclusion.
✔✔Red herring fallacy - ✔✔raising an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the
primary issue. This fallacy often appeals to fear or pity. The argument also can use guilt
to manipulate others into agreement and action. It is often inserted into an argument to
help a person win the argument without directly dealing with the real issue. It is
irrelevant to the real issue at hand, though it may seem to be related.
✔✔Selective perception fallacy - ✔✔arguing a point by selecting and presenting only
the evidence that supports one's current position or opinion. It omits the evidence
against it.
✔✔Slippery slope fallacy - ✔✔used when a person argues against an action on the
unsupported assertion that it will lead to a worse condition. An assumption is taking
place. The argument could be described this way: A leads to B, which will inevitably
leads to C. Although there might be reasons why C in this case is assumed to occur, in
reality it is only speculative and can't be proven.
✔✔Straw man fallacy - ✔✔occurs when a person presents another person's argument
in a weak, misrepresented, or exaggerated form in order to win the argument.
, ✔✔4 arguments to prove God's existence - ✔✔Cosmological, teleological, moral, and
experimental arguments
✔✔Cosmological argument - ✔✔the universe has a cause and must therefore have a
creator.
✔✔Leibnizian cosmological argument - ✔✔There is an explanation for the existence of
anything that exists.
If there is an explanation of the existence of the universe, that explanation is God.
The universe exists.
Therefore, there is an explanation of the existence of the universe.
Therefore, the explanation of the existence of the universe is God.
✔✔Telelogical argument - ✔✔argues that the universe is so well designed and finely
tuned that only a creator could have made it
✔✔naturalism - ✔✔the philosophy that only nature exists and the supernatural is
superfluous, generally suggests that the current universe is a product of a series of
evolutions over billions of years; fails to explain complexity of universe
-William Paley's watchmaker
✔✔Irreducable complexity - ✔✔idea that many molecular machines are simply too
complex to have formed via evolution
✔✔Moral argument - ✔✔suggests that without God, there can be no true source of
morality. Since all people share some sense of morality, or right and wrong, there must
be an ultimate moral lawgiver. If there is no God, morality is subjective, becoming a
matter of preference rather than a standard to be met.
-If God does not exist, then objective morals do not either
-Objective morals do exist
-therefore, God exists
✔✔Experiential argument - ✔✔It simply comes from personal experience, rooting itself
in the experiences that people have had with God. If a person has had an encounter
with God, then this encounter is evidence that God exists.
✔✔Monotheism - ✔✔belief in one God; core belief of Christianity
✔✔Members of trinity: God - ✔✔Eternal (Deut 33:27).
Self-existent (Exod 3:13-14).
Infinite (1 Kgs 8:22-27).
Transcendent (Ps 139:7-12).
Omnipotent (Rev 19:6).
Omniscient (Ps 147:5).
Immutable (Jas 1:17).
