EDUC 210 MODULE 3 EXAM
QUESTIONS WITH 100% CORRECT
ANSWERS
Based on recent studies, which of the following children is likely to have the greatest
difficulty with assessing the intention of others?
A) Bart, a ten-year-old with high self-esteem
B) Enid, an aggressive three-year-old
C) Liliana, a passive five-year-old
D) Philip, an aggressive nine-year-old - Answer-Answer: B
Explanation: B) Recent research suggests that younger children have more difficulty
understanding the intentions of others than do older children. Further, aggressive
children tend to have difficulty in this area. An aggressive three-year-old (Enid),
therefore, would be likely to have limited capabilities for assessing intention.
Page Ref: 105
Skill: Understanding
Most people have developed societal perspective-taking ability during the
A) early elementary grades.
B) late elementary years.
C) pre-school years.
D) years between age 14 and adulthood. - Answer-Answer: D
Explanation: D) According to Selman, perspective-taking occurs from about the age of
three through adulthood. Selman proposes a five-stage model that begins with
undifferentiated perspective-taking (ages three to six) and concludes with societal
perspective-taking (age 14 to adult).
Page Ref: 99
As children develop perspective-taking abilities, there is a gradual movement toward a
state of
A) moral dilemma.
B) moral reason.
C) morality of cooperation.
D) personal reward orientation. - Answer-Answer: C
Explanation: C) There is a gradual movement in children toward the morality of
cooperation as they develop their perspective-taking ability.
Page Ref: 100
Skill: Knowledge
,During Kohlberg's stage of preconventional moral realism, a child is likely to believe that
A) a person's intentions are really what matters, rather than results.
B) hitting two children deserves a stronger punishment than hitting one child.
C) misbehaving in school always merits punishment of some severe form.
D) punishment is rarely justified even though the behavior was undesirable. - Answer-
Answer: B
Explanation: B) During the stage of moral realism, children believe that rules are
absolute and that punishment should be determined by the severity of the damage
rather than by circumstance. Hitting two children would, therefore, deserve a stronger
punishment than hitting one child.
Page Ref: 100
Skill: Understanding
Frank said, "If I were starving, I'd steal a loaf of bread, but it would be wrong and
against the law." What level of moral reasoning does Frank demonstrate?
A) Conventional
B) Nonconventional
C) Preconventional
D) Postconventional - Answer-Answer: A
Explanation: A) At the conventional level of moral reasoning, laws become very
important in determining what behaviors are right and wrong. Laws are viewed by Frank
as absolute and unalterable regardless of the situation. At the postconventional level,
the particular situation is taken into account.
Page Ref: 100
Skill: Understanding
Andrea is driving home from the library at 2:00 in the morning. She stops for a red light
and waits, even though no one is in sight. After looking again carefully in all directions,
she drives across against the light. According to Kohlberg, what level of moral
reasoning is reflected by Andrea's decision to cross the intersection?
A) Conventional
B) Nonconventional
C) Postconventional
D) Preconventional - Answer-Answer: C
Explanation: C) Andrea is reasoning at the postconventional level of moral reasoning.
By breaking the law to be on time, she is making a conscious decision with a clear
understanding of the consequences. Although she probably appreciates the rationale
for traffic laws, she perceives her situation as meriting an exception.
Page Ref: 100
Skill: Understanding
Vic was struggling with a difficult math exam. Abbey, an A+ student, was not coering her
paper, so Vic decided to copy some of her answers in order to avoid having to try
solving the rest of the problems himself. What level of moral reasoning did Vic
demonstrate?
A) Conventional
, B) Nonconventional
C) Postconventional
D) Preconventional - Answer-Answer: D
Explanation: D) Vic is reasoning at the preconventional level because he is concerned
only with his personal needs and is apparently not concerned about cheating. Schab's
(1980) study identified three primary reasons for why students cheat: too lazy, fear of
failure, and parental pressure. In Vic's case, he is simply too lazy to figure out the
problems himself.
Page Ref: 100
Skill: Understanding
Sue is presented with a moral dilemma and responds that she would act in a certain
way to please her parents. The moral reasoning stage reflected is
A) conventional.
B) nonconventional.
C) postconventional.
D) preconventional. - Answer-Answer: A
Explanation: A) Sue is operating at the conventional level. A characteristic of thinking at
this level is trying to behave in a way that will please authority figures, such as one's
parents. This is the second of Kohlberg's three stages of moral reasoning.
Page Ref: 100
Skill: Understanding
39) Which one of the following statements is TRUE regarding how Kohlberg's theory
treats social conventions relative to moral issues?
A) Little differentiation between moral issues and social conventions is characteristic of
this theory.
B) Moral issues are regarded as more universally oriented than are social conventions.
C) Social conventions are used as the basis for constructing dilemmas.
D) Social conventions are viewed as inherently right or wrong and moral issues as
arbitrary. - Answer-Answer: A
Explanation: A) Kohlberg's theory has been criticized for having little differentiation
between social conventions and moral issues. Because children appear to make that
differentiation as early as age three, the accuracy of completeness of moral stages can
be questioned. [Moral issues involve the rights of people in general; social conventions
are the arbitrary rules of a particular group or culture.]
Page Ref: 102-103
Skill: Knowledge
40) What is the important base for moral reasoning in both women and men, according
to relevant research?
A) Concern for caring and justice
B) Emphasis on justice
C) Importance of equality
D) Sympathy for others - Answer-Answer: A
QUESTIONS WITH 100% CORRECT
ANSWERS
Based on recent studies, which of the following children is likely to have the greatest
difficulty with assessing the intention of others?
A) Bart, a ten-year-old with high self-esteem
B) Enid, an aggressive three-year-old
C) Liliana, a passive five-year-old
D) Philip, an aggressive nine-year-old - Answer-Answer: B
Explanation: B) Recent research suggests that younger children have more difficulty
understanding the intentions of others than do older children. Further, aggressive
children tend to have difficulty in this area. An aggressive three-year-old (Enid),
therefore, would be likely to have limited capabilities for assessing intention.
Page Ref: 105
Skill: Understanding
Most people have developed societal perspective-taking ability during the
A) early elementary grades.
B) late elementary years.
C) pre-school years.
D) years between age 14 and adulthood. - Answer-Answer: D
Explanation: D) According to Selman, perspective-taking occurs from about the age of
three through adulthood. Selman proposes a five-stage model that begins with
undifferentiated perspective-taking (ages three to six) and concludes with societal
perspective-taking (age 14 to adult).
Page Ref: 99
As children develop perspective-taking abilities, there is a gradual movement toward a
state of
A) moral dilemma.
B) moral reason.
C) morality of cooperation.
D) personal reward orientation. - Answer-Answer: C
Explanation: C) There is a gradual movement in children toward the morality of
cooperation as they develop their perspective-taking ability.
Page Ref: 100
Skill: Knowledge
,During Kohlberg's stage of preconventional moral realism, a child is likely to believe that
A) a person's intentions are really what matters, rather than results.
B) hitting two children deserves a stronger punishment than hitting one child.
C) misbehaving in school always merits punishment of some severe form.
D) punishment is rarely justified even though the behavior was undesirable. - Answer-
Answer: B
Explanation: B) During the stage of moral realism, children believe that rules are
absolute and that punishment should be determined by the severity of the damage
rather than by circumstance. Hitting two children would, therefore, deserve a stronger
punishment than hitting one child.
Page Ref: 100
Skill: Understanding
Frank said, "If I were starving, I'd steal a loaf of bread, but it would be wrong and
against the law." What level of moral reasoning does Frank demonstrate?
A) Conventional
B) Nonconventional
C) Preconventional
D) Postconventional - Answer-Answer: A
Explanation: A) At the conventional level of moral reasoning, laws become very
important in determining what behaviors are right and wrong. Laws are viewed by Frank
as absolute and unalterable regardless of the situation. At the postconventional level,
the particular situation is taken into account.
Page Ref: 100
Skill: Understanding
Andrea is driving home from the library at 2:00 in the morning. She stops for a red light
and waits, even though no one is in sight. After looking again carefully in all directions,
she drives across against the light. According to Kohlberg, what level of moral
reasoning is reflected by Andrea's decision to cross the intersection?
A) Conventional
B) Nonconventional
C) Postconventional
D) Preconventional - Answer-Answer: C
Explanation: C) Andrea is reasoning at the postconventional level of moral reasoning.
By breaking the law to be on time, she is making a conscious decision with a clear
understanding of the consequences. Although she probably appreciates the rationale
for traffic laws, she perceives her situation as meriting an exception.
Page Ref: 100
Skill: Understanding
Vic was struggling with a difficult math exam. Abbey, an A+ student, was not coering her
paper, so Vic decided to copy some of her answers in order to avoid having to try
solving the rest of the problems himself. What level of moral reasoning did Vic
demonstrate?
A) Conventional
, B) Nonconventional
C) Postconventional
D) Preconventional - Answer-Answer: D
Explanation: D) Vic is reasoning at the preconventional level because he is concerned
only with his personal needs and is apparently not concerned about cheating. Schab's
(1980) study identified three primary reasons for why students cheat: too lazy, fear of
failure, and parental pressure. In Vic's case, he is simply too lazy to figure out the
problems himself.
Page Ref: 100
Skill: Understanding
Sue is presented with a moral dilemma and responds that she would act in a certain
way to please her parents. The moral reasoning stage reflected is
A) conventional.
B) nonconventional.
C) postconventional.
D) preconventional. - Answer-Answer: A
Explanation: A) Sue is operating at the conventional level. A characteristic of thinking at
this level is trying to behave in a way that will please authority figures, such as one's
parents. This is the second of Kohlberg's three stages of moral reasoning.
Page Ref: 100
Skill: Understanding
39) Which one of the following statements is TRUE regarding how Kohlberg's theory
treats social conventions relative to moral issues?
A) Little differentiation between moral issues and social conventions is characteristic of
this theory.
B) Moral issues are regarded as more universally oriented than are social conventions.
C) Social conventions are used as the basis for constructing dilemmas.
D) Social conventions are viewed as inherently right or wrong and moral issues as
arbitrary. - Answer-Answer: A
Explanation: A) Kohlberg's theory has been criticized for having little differentiation
between social conventions and moral issues. Because children appear to make that
differentiation as early as age three, the accuracy of completeness of moral stages can
be questioned. [Moral issues involve the rights of people in general; social conventions
are the arbitrary rules of a particular group or culture.]
Page Ref: 102-103
Skill: Knowledge
40) What is the important base for moral reasoning in both women and men, according
to relevant research?
A) Concern for caring and justice
B) Emphasis on justice
C) Importance of equality
D) Sympathy for others - Answer-Answer: A
