1|Page
GNRS 515 Advanced Pathophysiology Exam 1 Test
Bank Verified Questions Answers 2026
When myocardial cells are injured, the function of the Na-K membrane
pump may be impaired. Which of the following may then result?
a.intracellular sodium will increase
b. extracellular potassium will decrease
c. cell volume will decrease
d. all of the above - ANSWER -A
Mr. Forbes is being prepared for open heart surgery when he suffers a
myocardial infarction in which a large part of his left ventricle has
suffered lethal cell injury.
Mr. Forbes' CPK-MB and LDH1, enzymes associated with myocardial
cells, are significantly elevated. What is the best explanation for this?
a. It is a sign that necrotic myocardial cells have released their
cytoplasmic contents into the blood.
b. It is a sign of reversible fatty accumulation in the myocardial cells
c. It is a sign that the myocardial cells are undergoing hypertrophy.
d. None of the above. - ANSWER -A
,2|Page
If a tissue specimen of myocardial cells were obtained for examination
from Mr. Forbes, which of the following findings would indicate
irreversible cell injury?
a. cellular swelling
b. decreased ATP production
c. decreased intracellular calcium
d. dissolution of nuclear material - ANSWER -D
The accumulation of lactic acid that occurs with impaired energy
production results from which of the following?
a. increased intracellular glucose
b. increased anaerobic metabolism
c. decreased metabolic rate
d. increased oxidative phosphorylation - ANSWER -B
A mountain climber is stranded at 23,000 feet in the Swiss Alps and has
lost all his equipment and supplies in an avalanche. Subsequently, he
suffers cell injury due to impaired ATP production. The reason for the
decrease in ATP is which of the following?
a. enzyme inhibition
b. uncoupling
c. hypoxia
d. none of the above - ANSWER -C
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An elderly patient develops an obstruction in his left middle cerebral
artery. The brain tissue supplied by this artery becomes hypoxic. The
best explanation for this is which of the following?
a. the obstruction results in decreased blood flow
b. the obstruction results in decreased hemoglobin in the blood
c. while blood flow stays the same, the obstruction reduces oxygen
content in the blood
d. none of the above explain the reason for the hypoxia - ANSWER -A
Increased mobilization and delivery of free fatty acids to liver cells can
result in fat accumulation. Which of the following problems results in
increased mobilization of free fatty acids?
a. anemia
b. hepatic toxins
c. starvation
d. hypoxia - ANSWER -C
Generalized hypoxia results in a switch to anaerobic metabolism in cells.
Anaerobic metabolism results in which of the following?
a. decreased lactic acid inside cells
b. decreased arterial pH
c. more effective ATP production
d. increased pH inside cells - ANSWER -B
, 4|Page
There is a disease of the spleen, which results in an excessive
destruction of RBCs. This increase in RBC destruction can lead to which
of the following?
a. hypoxia
b. hypobilirubinemia
c. an increase in platelets
d. all of the above - ANSWER -A
Your body has developed an increased demand for thyroid hormones.
This will lead to ____________ of the thyroid gland.
a. atrophy
b. hypertrophy
c. dysplasia
d. metaplasia - ANSWER -B
Direct cell membrane destruction may result from which of the
following?
a. complement activation
b. bacterial enzymes
c. free radicals
d. all of the above - ANSWER -D
Which of the following is true regarding apoptosis?
GNRS 515 Advanced Pathophysiology Exam 1 Test
Bank Verified Questions Answers 2026
When myocardial cells are injured, the function of the Na-K membrane
pump may be impaired. Which of the following may then result?
a.intracellular sodium will increase
b. extracellular potassium will decrease
c. cell volume will decrease
d. all of the above - ANSWER -A
Mr. Forbes is being prepared for open heart surgery when he suffers a
myocardial infarction in which a large part of his left ventricle has
suffered lethal cell injury.
Mr. Forbes' CPK-MB and LDH1, enzymes associated with myocardial
cells, are significantly elevated. What is the best explanation for this?
a. It is a sign that necrotic myocardial cells have released their
cytoplasmic contents into the blood.
b. It is a sign of reversible fatty accumulation in the myocardial cells
c. It is a sign that the myocardial cells are undergoing hypertrophy.
d. None of the above. - ANSWER -A
,2|Page
If a tissue specimen of myocardial cells were obtained for examination
from Mr. Forbes, which of the following findings would indicate
irreversible cell injury?
a. cellular swelling
b. decreased ATP production
c. decreased intracellular calcium
d. dissolution of nuclear material - ANSWER -D
The accumulation of lactic acid that occurs with impaired energy
production results from which of the following?
a. increased intracellular glucose
b. increased anaerobic metabolism
c. decreased metabolic rate
d. increased oxidative phosphorylation - ANSWER -B
A mountain climber is stranded at 23,000 feet in the Swiss Alps and has
lost all his equipment and supplies in an avalanche. Subsequently, he
suffers cell injury due to impaired ATP production. The reason for the
decrease in ATP is which of the following?
a. enzyme inhibition
b. uncoupling
c. hypoxia
d. none of the above - ANSWER -C
,3|Page
An elderly patient develops an obstruction in his left middle cerebral
artery. The brain tissue supplied by this artery becomes hypoxic. The
best explanation for this is which of the following?
a. the obstruction results in decreased blood flow
b. the obstruction results in decreased hemoglobin in the blood
c. while blood flow stays the same, the obstruction reduces oxygen
content in the blood
d. none of the above explain the reason for the hypoxia - ANSWER -A
Increased mobilization and delivery of free fatty acids to liver cells can
result in fat accumulation. Which of the following problems results in
increased mobilization of free fatty acids?
a. anemia
b. hepatic toxins
c. starvation
d. hypoxia - ANSWER -C
Generalized hypoxia results in a switch to anaerobic metabolism in cells.
Anaerobic metabolism results in which of the following?
a. decreased lactic acid inside cells
b. decreased arterial pH
c. more effective ATP production
d. increased pH inside cells - ANSWER -B
, 4|Page
There is a disease of the spleen, which results in an excessive
destruction of RBCs. This increase in RBC destruction can lead to which
of the following?
a. hypoxia
b. hypobilirubinemia
c. an increase in platelets
d. all of the above - ANSWER -A
Your body has developed an increased demand for thyroid hormones.
This will lead to ____________ of the thyroid gland.
a. atrophy
b. hypertrophy
c. dysplasia
d. metaplasia - ANSWER -B
Direct cell membrane destruction may result from which of the
following?
a. complement activation
b. bacterial enzymes
c. free radicals
d. all of the above - ANSWER -D
Which of the following is true regarding apoptosis?
