BPS 2110 MIDTERM 2 EXAM
QUESTIONS WITH 100% CORRECT
ANSWERS
What happens if a molecule has too many H bonds? - Answer-H bonds increase H2O
solubility therefore too many make it difficult to cross lipophilic mb core
How does MW affect solubility and permeability of molecules? - Answer-large molecules
= less soluble and cross mb less easily
Properties of competitive inhibitors - Answer-- binds more tightly than the natural
substances
- basis for selectivity in humans
origin of osmotic pressure - Answer-- cells contain a high conc of bio molecules
surrounding environment has a lower conc
- this conc difference creates an osmotic gradient that drives H2O into the cell
- cannot move stuff from inside to outside
Internal pressure and cell size relationship - Answer-Large cell = low internal pressure
Small cell = high internal pressure
What's the last step in cell wall biosynthesis - Answer-formation of cross links
Cross linking - Answer-method of strengthening structures
Role of the catalytic traid - Answer-to increase the reactivity of a Nu to catalyst a rxn
role of the oxyanion hole - Answer-lowering the AE and speeding up the rxn
Why does irreversible inhibition happen? - Answer-because the enzyme cannot
hydrolyze the covalent ester bond formed
What are the patterns that allow the same reaction between penicillin and the
substrate? - Answer-Mechanism and structure
4 limitations of penicillin G as a drug - Answer-acid sensitivity, resistance, spectrum of
action, bioavailability
, what is a solution for acid sensitivity in penicillin? - Answer-engineering for acid
resistance (heteroatom and charge)
what's the strategy for penicillin semi-synthesis? - Answer-obtain the core from
biological sources and modify it synthetically to create new derivatives
bio preparation of 6-APA - Answer-- grow penicillium mold to produce penicillin G
- extract it from the mold
- treat with amides enzyme from E coli to remove the side chain
creation of artificial drug - Answer-- convert penicillin G into 6-APA
- attach a new acyl group to NH2 of 6-APA to create a semi-synthetic derivative
resistance mechanisms that bacteria develop against penicillin - Answer-mutations in
transpeptidase, actively transport out of cell, enzymatic destruction of the drug
B-lactamase - Answer-- hydrolyzes the B-lactam ring, inactivating the drug
- produced by bacteria to protect against penicillin
prodrugs - Answer-attach a temporary group to improve absorption
advantages of cephalosporins - Answer-broad spectrum due to higher lipophilicity, [[4,6]
ring is more stable than the penicillin [4,5] system
disadvantages of cephalosporins - Answer-not orally active, lower potency requiring
higher doses, improved by semi-synthetic mod
what does clavulanic acid do - Answer-inhibits B-lactamase, preventing resistance
Effects of drugs by binding to biomolecules - Answer-enzyme inhibitor, agonist,
antagonist, modulator, structural effects
Non-bonding interactions - Answer-electrostatics, H-bonding, dipole-dipole, Van der
Waals
Electrostatic interactions - Answer-strongest non covalent interaction, strength depends
on enviornment (stronger in hydrophobic), nondirectional
H bonds - Answer-moderately strong, strength depends on enviornment (stronger in
hydrophobic), directional (strong when bond points towards axis of the lone pair of the
acceptor)
H bond donors - Answer-Provide H
func groups: OH, NH2, NHR, CO2H, CONHR
H bond acceptors - Answer-Provide lone pair to form H bond
QUESTIONS WITH 100% CORRECT
ANSWERS
What happens if a molecule has too many H bonds? - Answer-H bonds increase H2O
solubility therefore too many make it difficult to cross lipophilic mb core
How does MW affect solubility and permeability of molecules? - Answer-large molecules
= less soluble and cross mb less easily
Properties of competitive inhibitors - Answer-- binds more tightly than the natural
substances
- basis for selectivity in humans
origin of osmotic pressure - Answer-- cells contain a high conc of bio molecules
surrounding environment has a lower conc
- this conc difference creates an osmotic gradient that drives H2O into the cell
- cannot move stuff from inside to outside
Internal pressure and cell size relationship - Answer-Large cell = low internal pressure
Small cell = high internal pressure
What's the last step in cell wall biosynthesis - Answer-formation of cross links
Cross linking - Answer-method of strengthening structures
Role of the catalytic traid - Answer-to increase the reactivity of a Nu to catalyst a rxn
role of the oxyanion hole - Answer-lowering the AE and speeding up the rxn
Why does irreversible inhibition happen? - Answer-because the enzyme cannot
hydrolyze the covalent ester bond formed
What are the patterns that allow the same reaction between penicillin and the
substrate? - Answer-Mechanism and structure
4 limitations of penicillin G as a drug - Answer-acid sensitivity, resistance, spectrum of
action, bioavailability
, what is a solution for acid sensitivity in penicillin? - Answer-engineering for acid
resistance (heteroatom and charge)
what's the strategy for penicillin semi-synthesis? - Answer-obtain the core from
biological sources and modify it synthetically to create new derivatives
bio preparation of 6-APA - Answer-- grow penicillium mold to produce penicillin G
- extract it from the mold
- treat with amides enzyme from E coli to remove the side chain
creation of artificial drug - Answer-- convert penicillin G into 6-APA
- attach a new acyl group to NH2 of 6-APA to create a semi-synthetic derivative
resistance mechanisms that bacteria develop against penicillin - Answer-mutations in
transpeptidase, actively transport out of cell, enzymatic destruction of the drug
B-lactamase - Answer-- hydrolyzes the B-lactam ring, inactivating the drug
- produced by bacteria to protect against penicillin
prodrugs - Answer-attach a temporary group to improve absorption
advantages of cephalosporins - Answer-broad spectrum due to higher lipophilicity, [[4,6]
ring is more stable than the penicillin [4,5] system
disadvantages of cephalosporins - Answer-not orally active, lower potency requiring
higher doses, improved by semi-synthetic mod
what does clavulanic acid do - Answer-inhibits B-lactamase, preventing resistance
Effects of drugs by binding to biomolecules - Answer-enzyme inhibitor, agonist,
antagonist, modulator, structural effects
Non-bonding interactions - Answer-electrostatics, H-bonding, dipole-dipole, Van der
Waals
Electrostatic interactions - Answer-strongest non covalent interaction, strength depends
on enviornment (stronger in hydrophobic), nondirectional
H bonds - Answer-moderately strong, strength depends on enviornment (stronger in
hydrophobic), directional (strong when bond points towards axis of the lone pair of the
acceptor)
H bond donors - Answer-Provide H
func groups: OH, NH2, NHR, CO2H, CONHR
H bond acceptors - Answer-Provide lone pair to form H bond
