NUR 257 Chronic Exam 2 Exam Study Guide |
2026 Update with complete solutions. Galen
College of Nursing.
1. Which of the following is the most common cause of chronic kidney
disease (CKD)?
A) Hypertension
B) Diabetes mellitus
C) Glomerulonephritis
D) Polycystic kidney disease
Answer: B) Diabetes mellitus
Rationale: Diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of chronic kidney disease
due to the long-term effects of high blood sugar on the kidneys' filtration
system.
2. A patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
presents with worsening shortness of breath. Which of the following
interventions is most appropriate?
A) Administer a bronchodilator
B) Increase oxygen levels
C) Perform chest physiotherapy
D) Provide a high-calorie diet
Answer: A) Administer a bronchodilator
Rationale: Bronchodilators help to relieve bronchospasm, which is a
common issue in COPD exacerbations, improving airflow and reducing
shortness of breath.
,3. A patient with hypertension and chronic heart failure (CHF) is
prescribed an ACE inhibitor. Which of the following is an important side
effect to monitor for?
A) Hyperkalemia
B) Hypokalemia
C) Hypoglycemia
D) Hyperglycemia
Answer: A) Hyperkalemia
Rationale: ACE inhibitors can increase potassium levels in the blood, which
can lead to hyperkalemia, a potentially life-threatening condition.
4. Which of the following is a primary goal of treatment in patients with
chronic asthma?
A) To increase the frequency of use of rescue inhalers
B) To achieve and maintain optimal lung function
C) To avoid long-term medications
D) To eliminate the need for any medication
Answer: B) To achieve and maintain optimal lung function
Rationale: The primary goal in chronic asthma management is to achieve
and maintain optimal lung function through long-term control medications
and symptom monitoring.
5. A patient with chronic liver disease is prescribed lactulose. What is the
purpose of this medication?
A) To reduce fluid retention
B) To decrease ammonia levels
C) To reduce bile acid production
D) To improve liver cell regeneration
, Answer: B) To decrease ammonia levels
Rationale: Lactulose is used to reduce blood ammonia levels in patients with
liver disease, helping to prevent hepatic encephalopathy.
6. Which of the following is a hallmark symptom of chronic gastritis?
A) Diarrhea
B) Dyspepsia
C) Hematemesis
D) Weight gain
Answer: B) Dyspepsia
Rationale: Chronic gastritis commonly causes dyspepsia, which includes
symptoms like stomach discomfort, bloating, and nausea.
7. Which of the following best describes the pathophysiology of chronic
pancreatitis?
A) Excessive production of pancreatic enzymes
B) Chronic inflammation and fibrosis of the pancreas
C) Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic cells
D) Decreased secretion of insulin
Answer: B) Chronic inflammation and fibrosis of the pancreas
Rationale: Chronic pancreatitis is characterized by long-term inflammation
and scarring of the pancreas, impairing its function and leading to digestive
and metabolic issues.
8. A patient with chronic anemia is prescribed iron supplements. Which
of the following is important to teach the patient?
A) Take iron with milk to enhance absorption
B) Take iron with vitamin C to enhance absorption
2026 Update with complete solutions. Galen
College of Nursing.
1. Which of the following is the most common cause of chronic kidney
disease (CKD)?
A) Hypertension
B) Diabetes mellitus
C) Glomerulonephritis
D) Polycystic kidney disease
Answer: B) Diabetes mellitus
Rationale: Diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of chronic kidney disease
due to the long-term effects of high blood sugar on the kidneys' filtration
system.
2. A patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
presents with worsening shortness of breath. Which of the following
interventions is most appropriate?
A) Administer a bronchodilator
B) Increase oxygen levels
C) Perform chest physiotherapy
D) Provide a high-calorie diet
Answer: A) Administer a bronchodilator
Rationale: Bronchodilators help to relieve bronchospasm, which is a
common issue in COPD exacerbations, improving airflow and reducing
shortness of breath.
,3. A patient with hypertension and chronic heart failure (CHF) is
prescribed an ACE inhibitor. Which of the following is an important side
effect to monitor for?
A) Hyperkalemia
B) Hypokalemia
C) Hypoglycemia
D) Hyperglycemia
Answer: A) Hyperkalemia
Rationale: ACE inhibitors can increase potassium levels in the blood, which
can lead to hyperkalemia, a potentially life-threatening condition.
4. Which of the following is a primary goal of treatment in patients with
chronic asthma?
A) To increase the frequency of use of rescue inhalers
B) To achieve and maintain optimal lung function
C) To avoid long-term medications
D) To eliminate the need for any medication
Answer: B) To achieve and maintain optimal lung function
Rationale: The primary goal in chronic asthma management is to achieve
and maintain optimal lung function through long-term control medications
and symptom monitoring.
5. A patient with chronic liver disease is prescribed lactulose. What is the
purpose of this medication?
A) To reduce fluid retention
B) To decrease ammonia levels
C) To reduce bile acid production
D) To improve liver cell regeneration
, Answer: B) To decrease ammonia levels
Rationale: Lactulose is used to reduce blood ammonia levels in patients with
liver disease, helping to prevent hepatic encephalopathy.
6. Which of the following is a hallmark symptom of chronic gastritis?
A) Diarrhea
B) Dyspepsia
C) Hematemesis
D) Weight gain
Answer: B) Dyspepsia
Rationale: Chronic gastritis commonly causes dyspepsia, which includes
symptoms like stomach discomfort, bloating, and nausea.
7. Which of the following best describes the pathophysiology of chronic
pancreatitis?
A) Excessive production of pancreatic enzymes
B) Chronic inflammation and fibrosis of the pancreas
C) Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic cells
D) Decreased secretion of insulin
Answer: B) Chronic inflammation and fibrosis of the pancreas
Rationale: Chronic pancreatitis is characterized by long-term inflammation
and scarring of the pancreas, impairing its function and leading to digestive
and metabolic issues.
8. A patient with chronic anemia is prescribed iron supplements. Which
of the following is important to teach the patient?
A) Take iron with milk to enhance absorption
B) Take iron with vitamin C to enhance absorption
