1
APHY 102 Final 2026 Latest Questions
and Answers (100% Expert Answers)
A+
Who regulates pituitary gland secretion? [ Ans: ] the hypothalamus sends
"messages" to the pituitary gland to release hormones
What is a hormone and how does it act [ Ans: ] a regulatory substance
produced in an organism and transported in tissue fluids such as blood
or sap to stimulate specific cells or tissues into action.
a synthetic substance with an effect similar to that of an animal or plant
hormone.
a person's sex hormones as held to influence behavior or mood.
Hormones are made by endocrine glands, such as the thyroid, pancreas,
© 2026
and ovaries. But how do they work in our bodies? Why are they
important? Read more about different hormones, the glands that produce
them, and the work that they do.
Compare and contrast glucagon and insulin. [ Ans: ] Glucagon is a
peptide hormone, produced by alpha cells of the pancreas, that raises the
concentration of glucose in the bloodstream. Its effect is opposite that of
insulin, which lowers the glucose concentration
a hormone produced in the pancreas by the islets of Langerhans that
regulates the amount of glucose in the blood. The lack of insulin causes a
form of diabetes
How are pheromones different than hormones? [ Ans: ] Pheromones are a
type of hormone that are mainly for the purpose of attracting others and
are a big part of the deciding factor to how they act around you.
Hormones in general are your body's way of regulating your levels and
systems. Hormone and pheromone levels are closely linked though, since
a pheromone is a type of hormone.
,2
How is inhibin used in the body? [ Ans: ] One of two hormones
(designated inhibin-A and inhibin-B) secreted by the gonads (by Sertoli
cells in the male and the granulosa cells in the female) and that inhibit
the production of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) by the pituitary
gland. The inhibins are also involved in the control of the production of
gametes and embryonic and fetal development. Because inhibin-A is
elevated in the blood serum of women carrying a fetus with Down
syndrome, inhibin-A is included in the maternal serum screening tests
for Down syndrome in the second trimester of pregnancy.
Differentiate between paracrine, autocrine, endocrine, and exocrine
glands [ Ans: ] Paracrine glands are similar to endocrine glands but
instead of secreting material into the bloodstream or into their ducts,
their products act on the target cells by diffusion of their material into
the extracelular space or in the immediately subjacent connective tissue.
Autocrine glands are These are glands whose secretions act on the gland
itself. Endocrine glands are glands of the endocrine system that secrete
their products, hormones, directly into the blood rather than through a
duct. Exocrine glands are glands that secrete their products into ducts.
They are the counterparts to endocrine glands, which secrete their
products directly into the bloodstream. Typical exocrine glands include
sweat glands, salivary glands, mammary glands, and many glands of the
© 2026
digestive system.
How is diabetes insipitus different than diabetes mellitus? [ Ans: ]
Diabetes mellitus is characterized by high levels of sugar in the blood
while diabetes insipidus is a disease where kidneys are unable to
conserve water. Diabetes insipidus (DI) is a rare disease while diabetes
mellitus is very common; "diabetes" in general usage refers to diabetes
mellitus. The causes, symptoms, treatment and prognosis for both
diseases are different.
Describe steroid hormones [ Ans: ] A steroid hormone (abbreviated as
sterone) is a steroid that acts as a hormone. Steroid hormones can be
grouped into five groups by the receptors to which they bind:
glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, androgens, estrogens, and
progestogens
Describe tropic hormones. [ Ans: ] Tropic hormones are hormones that
have other endocrine glands as their target. Most tropic hormones are
produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary.
,3
Describe normal blood: number of each cell type, pH [ Ans: ] pH range-
7.35-7.45, Which of the following is a regulatory function of
blood?maintenance of normal pH in body tissues
How does the Rh factor affect a developing fetus and its mother? [ Ans: ]
The Rh factor can cause problems if you are Rh negative and your fetus is
Rh positive. This is called Rh incompatibility. These problems usually do
not occur in a first pregnancy, but they can occur in a later pregnancy.
What antigens can be found on RBC? What antibodies can be found in the
plasma? How do these create different blood types? [ Ans: ] Type A blood
has the A antigen and the Antibody anti- B, Type B blood has the B
antigen and the Antibody anti-a
Type AB has antigens AB ,Type O blood has no antigens, and both the
antibodies anti-a and anti-b ,AB is the universal receiver and O is the
universal donor. However, if B type blood is injected into their systems,
anti-B antibodies in their plasma will recognize it as alien and burst or
agglutinate the introduced red cells in order to cleanse the blood of alien
protein. Individuals with type O blood do not produce ABO antigens
© 2026
Describe the different leukocytes and their origins [ Ans: ] they come
from pluripotential hematopoietic stem cells.Made in the bone marrow
Compare the formed elements of the blood. [ Ans: ] 1) Red blood Cells
(erythrocytes) - 99.9% 2)White Blood Cells (leukocytes) - 0.1% 3) Platelets -
0.1 %
Describe the steps in clot formation [ Ans: ] 1. You get a cut (wound) and
then you have RBC, platlets and clotting factors floating around.
2. Blood cells and fluid escape the wound.
Exposed collagen fibers start the clotting process.
3. Exposed platelets start to adhere to the wound area and release
chemicals that attract more platlets.
4.Platlet plug stops external bleeding.
, 4
5. Clotting factor increases and causes fibrin to attach and block/seal the
wound like a bandaid would.
6. The wound heals and the clotting fibrin and platlets dissolve after it
has been sealed
What blood types can give/receive to/from other blood types? [ Ans: ]
Donors with blood type AB... can donate to recipients with blood type AB
only. Donors with blood type O... can donate to recipients with blood
types A, B, AB and O (O is the universal donor: donors with O blood are
compatible with any other blood type)
Compare serum versus plasma. [ Ans: ] Serum- an amber-colored,
protein-rich liquid that separates out when blood coagulates.
the blood serum of an animal, used especially to provide immunity to a
pathogen or toxin by inoculation or as a diagnostic agent. Plasma- the
colorless fluid part of blood, lymph, or milk, in which corpuscles or fat
globules are suspended.
© 2026
What is hematocrit? [ Ans: ] the ratio of the volume of red blood cells to
the total volume of blood.
an instrument for measuring this, typically by centrifugation
How is the ANS used to regulate blood pressure? [ Ans: ] The autonomic
nervous system regulates the blood pressure via several mechanisms. It
regulates the degree of constriction or dilation of the blood vessels in
body. Constriction of the blood vessels will result in an increase in the
blood pressure and dilation of the blood vessels will result in a decrease
in the blood pressure. The autonomic nervous system also alters the
cardiac output, which will influence the blood pressure. Cardiac output is
determined by multiplying the heart rate x the stroke volume. The stroke
volume being the amount of blood ejected from the heart with each beat.
The sympathetic nervous system ("fight or flight" system) results in an
increase in heart rate and strength of heart contraction leading to a
greater stroke volume. This increased cardiac output results in an
elevation in the blood pressure usually. The parasympathetic nervous
system is the "rest and digest" system that results in a decrease heart rate
and stroke volume, which results in a lowering in the blood pressure. So,
APHY 102 Final 2026 Latest Questions
and Answers (100% Expert Answers)
A+
Who regulates pituitary gland secretion? [ Ans: ] the hypothalamus sends
"messages" to the pituitary gland to release hormones
What is a hormone and how does it act [ Ans: ] a regulatory substance
produced in an organism and transported in tissue fluids such as blood
or sap to stimulate specific cells or tissues into action.
a synthetic substance with an effect similar to that of an animal or plant
hormone.
a person's sex hormones as held to influence behavior or mood.
Hormones are made by endocrine glands, such as the thyroid, pancreas,
© 2026
and ovaries. But how do they work in our bodies? Why are they
important? Read more about different hormones, the glands that produce
them, and the work that they do.
Compare and contrast glucagon and insulin. [ Ans: ] Glucagon is a
peptide hormone, produced by alpha cells of the pancreas, that raises the
concentration of glucose in the bloodstream. Its effect is opposite that of
insulin, which lowers the glucose concentration
a hormone produced in the pancreas by the islets of Langerhans that
regulates the amount of glucose in the blood. The lack of insulin causes a
form of diabetes
How are pheromones different than hormones? [ Ans: ] Pheromones are a
type of hormone that are mainly for the purpose of attracting others and
are a big part of the deciding factor to how they act around you.
Hormones in general are your body's way of regulating your levels and
systems. Hormone and pheromone levels are closely linked though, since
a pheromone is a type of hormone.
,2
How is inhibin used in the body? [ Ans: ] One of two hormones
(designated inhibin-A and inhibin-B) secreted by the gonads (by Sertoli
cells in the male and the granulosa cells in the female) and that inhibit
the production of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) by the pituitary
gland. The inhibins are also involved in the control of the production of
gametes and embryonic and fetal development. Because inhibin-A is
elevated in the blood serum of women carrying a fetus with Down
syndrome, inhibin-A is included in the maternal serum screening tests
for Down syndrome in the second trimester of pregnancy.
Differentiate between paracrine, autocrine, endocrine, and exocrine
glands [ Ans: ] Paracrine glands are similar to endocrine glands but
instead of secreting material into the bloodstream or into their ducts,
their products act on the target cells by diffusion of their material into
the extracelular space or in the immediately subjacent connective tissue.
Autocrine glands are These are glands whose secretions act on the gland
itself. Endocrine glands are glands of the endocrine system that secrete
their products, hormones, directly into the blood rather than through a
duct. Exocrine glands are glands that secrete their products into ducts.
They are the counterparts to endocrine glands, which secrete their
products directly into the bloodstream. Typical exocrine glands include
sweat glands, salivary glands, mammary glands, and many glands of the
© 2026
digestive system.
How is diabetes insipitus different than diabetes mellitus? [ Ans: ]
Diabetes mellitus is characterized by high levels of sugar in the blood
while diabetes insipidus is a disease where kidneys are unable to
conserve water. Diabetes insipidus (DI) is a rare disease while diabetes
mellitus is very common; "diabetes" in general usage refers to diabetes
mellitus. The causes, symptoms, treatment and prognosis for both
diseases are different.
Describe steroid hormones [ Ans: ] A steroid hormone (abbreviated as
sterone) is a steroid that acts as a hormone. Steroid hormones can be
grouped into five groups by the receptors to which they bind:
glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, androgens, estrogens, and
progestogens
Describe tropic hormones. [ Ans: ] Tropic hormones are hormones that
have other endocrine glands as their target. Most tropic hormones are
produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary.
,3
Describe normal blood: number of each cell type, pH [ Ans: ] pH range-
7.35-7.45, Which of the following is a regulatory function of
blood?maintenance of normal pH in body tissues
How does the Rh factor affect a developing fetus and its mother? [ Ans: ]
The Rh factor can cause problems if you are Rh negative and your fetus is
Rh positive. This is called Rh incompatibility. These problems usually do
not occur in a first pregnancy, but they can occur in a later pregnancy.
What antigens can be found on RBC? What antibodies can be found in the
plasma? How do these create different blood types? [ Ans: ] Type A blood
has the A antigen and the Antibody anti- B, Type B blood has the B
antigen and the Antibody anti-a
Type AB has antigens AB ,Type O blood has no antigens, and both the
antibodies anti-a and anti-b ,AB is the universal receiver and O is the
universal donor. However, if B type blood is injected into their systems,
anti-B antibodies in their plasma will recognize it as alien and burst or
agglutinate the introduced red cells in order to cleanse the blood of alien
protein. Individuals with type O blood do not produce ABO antigens
© 2026
Describe the different leukocytes and their origins [ Ans: ] they come
from pluripotential hematopoietic stem cells.Made in the bone marrow
Compare the formed elements of the blood. [ Ans: ] 1) Red blood Cells
(erythrocytes) - 99.9% 2)White Blood Cells (leukocytes) - 0.1% 3) Platelets -
0.1 %
Describe the steps in clot formation [ Ans: ] 1. You get a cut (wound) and
then you have RBC, platlets and clotting factors floating around.
2. Blood cells and fluid escape the wound.
Exposed collagen fibers start the clotting process.
3. Exposed platelets start to adhere to the wound area and release
chemicals that attract more platlets.
4.Platlet plug stops external bleeding.
, 4
5. Clotting factor increases and causes fibrin to attach and block/seal the
wound like a bandaid would.
6. The wound heals and the clotting fibrin and platlets dissolve after it
has been sealed
What blood types can give/receive to/from other blood types? [ Ans: ]
Donors with blood type AB... can donate to recipients with blood type AB
only. Donors with blood type O... can donate to recipients with blood
types A, B, AB and O (O is the universal donor: donors with O blood are
compatible with any other blood type)
Compare serum versus plasma. [ Ans: ] Serum- an amber-colored,
protein-rich liquid that separates out when blood coagulates.
the blood serum of an animal, used especially to provide immunity to a
pathogen or toxin by inoculation or as a diagnostic agent. Plasma- the
colorless fluid part of blood, lymph, or milk, in which corpuscles or fat
globules are suspended.
© 2026
What is hematocrit? [ Ans: ] the ratio of the volume of red blood cells to
the total volume of blood.
an instrument for measuring this, typically by centrifugation
How is the ANS used to regulate blood pressure? [ Ans: ] The autonomic
nervous system regulates the blood pressure via several mechanisms. It
regulates the degree of constriction or dilation of the blood vessels in
body. Constriction of the blood vessels will result in an increase in the
blood pressure and dilation of the blood vessels will result in a decrease
in the blood pressure. The autonomic nervous system also alters the
cardiac output, which will influence the blood pressure. Cardiac output is
determined by multiplying the heart rate x the stroke volume. The stroke
volume being the amount of blood ejected from the heart with each beat.
The sympathetic nervous system ("fight or flight" system) results in an
increase in heart rate and strength of heart contraction leading to a
greater stroke volume. This increased cardiac output results in an
elevation in the blood pressure usually. The parasympathetic nervous
system is the "rest and digest" system that results in a decrease heart rate
and stroke volume, which results in a lowering in the blood pressure. So,
