1
APHY 102 Midterm 2026 Latest
Questions and Answers (100% Expert
Answers) A+
What is a hormone and how does it act? [ Ans: ] Hormones are chemical
messengers that are responsible for regulation. They are secreted into
body fluids, mainly blood. It has specific actions on target tissues, which
are any tissue that has specific receptors for that particular hormone.
Understand the role of negative feedback in control of hormone
secretions. [ Ans: ] A control mechanism in which rising level of a
hormone leads to a decrease in hormone secretion
What is a paracrine secretion? [ Ans: ] glands that secrete messenger
molecules that affect nearby cells
What is an autocrine secretion? [ Ans: ] glands that secrete messenger
© 2026
molecules that affect cells that secrete substances
What is an exocrine gland? [ Ans: ] a gland that produces and secretes
substances into ducts that lead to body surfaces; external
What is an endocrine gland? [ Ans: ] A gland that secretes a substance (a
hormone) into the bloodstream, acting only on target cells; internal
Location of hypothalamus [ Ans: ] below the thalamus
Location of pituitary gland [ Ans: ] base of the brain in sella turcica of
sphenoid bone
Location of pineal gland [ Ans: ] brain
Location of parathyroid glands [ Ans: ] posterior surface of the thyroid
gland
Location of thyroid gland [ Ans: ] neck
,2
Location of thymus [ Ans: ] behind the sternum
Location of adrenal gland [ Ans: ] on top of the kidneys
Location of adrenal cortex [ Ans: ] outer portion of gland
Location of adrenal medulla [ Ans: ] inside portion of gland
Location of pancreas [ Ans: ] behind the stomach
Location of testes [ Ans: ] scrotum
Location of ovary [ Ans: ] lower abdomen
Describe steroid hormones. [ Ans: ] poor water-solubility; can diffuse
through lipid bilayer of cell membranes; cortisol, testosterone, sex
hormones; derived from cholesterol
© 2026
Sequence of Steroid Hormone Action [ Ans: ] 1. endocrine gland secretes
steroid hormone
2. blood carries hormone throughout body
3. steroid hormone diffuses through target cell membrane & enters
cytoplasm or nucleus
4. hormone combines with a receptor molecule in the cytoplasm or
nucleus
5. steroid hormone-receptor complex binds to DNA & promotes
transcription of messenger RNA
6. messenger RNA enters the cytoplasm & directs protein synthesis
7. newly synthesized proteins produce the steroid hormone's specific
effects
, 3
Describe non-steroid hormones. [ Ans: ] Amines, proteins, peptides, and
glycoproteins; cannot penetrate lipid bilayer; bind to receptors on target
cell membrane; 1st messenger, cAMP is 2nd messenger
Sequence of non-steroid hormone using cyclic AMP [ Ans: ] 1. Endocrine
gland secretes non-steroid hormone.
2. Blood carries hormone throughout body.
3. Hormone combines with receptor site on membrane of target cell,
activating G protein.
4. Adenylate cyclase molecules are activated in target cell membrane.
5. Adenylate cyclase converts ATP into cyclic AMP.
6. Cyclic AMP activates protein kinases.
7. Protein kinases activate protein substrates in cell that change
© 2026
metabolism.
8. Cellular changes produce the hormone's effects.
How is the anterior pituitary gland different than the posterior pituitary
gland? [ Ans: ] The anterior pituitary receives signaling molecules from
the hypothalamus, and in response, synthesizes and secretes seven
hormones. The posterior pituitary does not produce any hormones of its
own; instead, it stores and secretes two hormones made in the
hypothalamus.
What regulates pituitary gland secretion? [ Ans: ] the hypothalamus
Describe tropic hormones. [ Ans: ] hormones that act on other glands, to
regulate their hormone secretion
anterior pituitary hormones [ Ans: ] growth, prolactin, thyroid-
stimulating, adrenocorticotropic, follicle-stimulating, leutinizing
APHY 102 Midterm 2026 Latest
Questions and Answers (100% Expert
Answers) A+
What is a hormone and how does it act? [ Ans: ] Hormones are chemical
messengers that are responsible for regulation. They are secreted into
body fluids, mainly blood. It has specific actions on target tissues, which
are any tissue that has specific receptors for that particular hormone.
Understand the role of negative feedback in control of hormone
secretions. [ Ans: ] A control mechanism in which rising level of a
hormone leads to a decrease in hormone secretion
What is a paracrine secretion? [ Ans: ] glands that secrete messenger
molecules that affect nearby cells
What is an autocrine secretion? [ Ans: ] glands that secrete messenger
© 2026
molecules that affect cells that secrete substances
What is an exocrine gland? [ Ans: ] a gland that produces and secretes
substances into ducts that lead to body surfaces; external
What is an endocrine gland? [ Ans: ] A gland that secretes a substance (a
hormone) into the bloodstream, acting only on target cells; internal
Location of hypothalamus [ Ans: ] below the thalamus
Location of pituitary gland [ Ans: ] base of the brain in sella turcica of
sphenoid bone
Location of pineal gland [ Ans: ] brain
Location of parathyroid glands [ Ans: ] posterior surface of the thyroid
gland
Location of thyroid gland [ Ans: ] neck
,2
Location of thymus [ Ans: ] behind the sternum
Location of adrenal gland [ Ans: ] on top of the kidneys
Location of adrenal cortex [ Ans: ] outer portion of gland
Location of adrenal medulla [ Ans: ] inside portion of gland
Location of pancreas [ Ans: ] behind the stomach
Location of testes [ Ans: ] scrotum
Location of ovary [ Ans: ] lower abdomen
Describe steroid hormones. [ Ans: ] poor water-solubility; can diffuse
through lipid bilayer of cell membranes; cortisol, testosterone, sex
hormones; derived from cholesterol
© 2026
Sequence of Steroid Hormone Action [ Ans: ] 1. endocrine gland secretes
steroid hormone
2. blood carries hormone throughout body
3. steroid hormone diffuses through target cell membrane & enters
cytoplasm or nucleus
4. hormone combines with a receptor molecule in the cytoplasm or
nucleus
5. steroid hormone-receptor complex binds to DNA & promotes
transcription of messenger RNA
6. messenger RNA enters the cytoplasm & directs protein synthesis
7. newly synthesized proteins produce the steroid hormone's specific
effects
, 3
Describe non-steroid hormones. [ Ans: ] Amines, proteins, peptides, and
glycoproteins; cannot penetrate lipid bilayer; bind to receptors on target
cell membrane; 1st messenger, cAMP is 2nd messenger
Sequence of non-steroid hormone using cyclic AMP [ Ans: ] 1. Endocrine
gland secretes non-steroid hormone.
2. Blood carries hormone throughout body.
3. Hormone combines with receptor site on membrane of target cell,
activating G protein.
4. Adenylate cyclase molecules are activated in target cell membrane.
5. Adenylate cyclase converts ATP into cyclic AMP.
6. Cyclic AMP activates protein kinases.
7. Protein kinases activate protein substrates in cell that change
© 2026
metabolism.
8. Cellular changes produce the hormone's effects.
How is the anterior pituitary gland different than the posterior pituitary
gland? [ Ans: ] The anterior pituitary receives signaling molecules from
the hypothalamus, and in response, synthesizes and secretes seven
hormones. The posterior pituitary does not produce any hormones of its
own; instead, it stores and secretes two hormones made in the
hypothalamus.
What regulates pituitary gland secretion? [ Ans: ] the hypothalamus
Describe tropic hormones. [ Ans: ] hormones that act on other glands, to
regulate their hormone secretion
anterior pituitary hormones [ Ans: ] growth, prolactin, thyroid-
stimulating, adrenocorticotropic, follicle-stimulating, leutinizing
