NUR 376 EXAM 1
BLUEPRINT & STUDY GUIDE
Applied Pathophysiology - Concordia St. Paul
Pass the Exam with Confidence
• This exam will cover modules 1-3b and consists of 45 questions.
• You will have 1.5 minutes per question.
• The test will have multiple choice, select all that apply, matching,
and sequence questions.
• See below for an explanation of the aptitude level
of each question.
• We wish you luck!
, lOMoARcPSD|51648332
NUR 376 Exam #1 Blueprint by Rhaeven Ortiz
This exam will cover modules 1-3b and consists of 45 questions. You will have 1.5 minutes per question. The test will have multiple
choice, select all that apply, matching, and sequence questions. See below for an explanation of the aptitude level of each
question. We wish you luck!
M Outcome Topic Bl #
o o of
d o ?s
m
s
Module 1 Immunity, Infection & Inflammation (CH 9, 10, 11)
Copy of 1 Inflammation Outline
1 Distinguish between Vascular permeability U 1
the three phases of n
inflammatory During this phase, blood vessels dilate and become more permeable, allowing immune cells d
reaction. and proteins to reach the injured site. This results in redness, warmth, and swelling e
rs
Cellular Chemotaxis ta
Inflammatory cells, particularly neutrophils and macrophages, migrate to the site of injury in n
response to chemical signals. These cells help eliminate pathogens and damaged tissue d
Downloaded by Benjamin Luca () 1
, lOMoARcPSD|51648332
Systemic Responses
The body initiates a systemic inflammatory response, which may include fever, increased white
blood cell production, and the release of inflammatory mediators such as cytokines. This
response helps coordinate the immune system's actions to address injury or infection
1 Identify key lab Titer A 2
values in Titer testing measures the concentration of antibodies in the blood, which helps determine p
inflammatory and immune response and disease exposure. In inflammatory and infectious diseases, titer levels pl
infectious diseases. provide insight into past or current infections, vaccine effectiveness, and immune system y
function
HIV R
In HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) infection, several laboratory values are crucial for e
diagnosis, monitoring disease progression, and guiding treatment. These include: m
1. CD4+ T-Cell Count e
● Normal range: 500–1,500 cells/mm³ m
● HIV impact: Progressive HIV infection leads to a decline in CD4 count. b
● Significance: e
○ ≥500 cells/mm³: Normal immune function r
○ 200–499 cells/mm³: Weakened immune system
○ <200 cells/mm³: AIDS diagnosis (high risk for opportunistic infections)
2. HIV Viral Load (HIV RNA)
● Measured in copies/mL of blood
● Undetectable (<50 copies/mL): Effective antiretroviral therapy (ART)
● >100,000 copies/mL: High viral load, risk of rapid disease progression
● Used to assess:
○ Effectiveness of ART
○ Risk of transmission
3. Complete Blood Count (CBC)
Downloaded by Benjamin Luca () 2
, lOMoARcPSD|51648332
● Common findings in HIV:
○ Leukopenia (low WBC count): Increased infection risk
○ Anemia (low RBC count and hemoglobin): Common in advanced HIV
○ Thrombocytopenia (low platelets): Can cause bleeding tendencies
4. C-Reactive Protein (CRP) & Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)
● Markers of inflammation
● Elevated in HIV due to chronic immune activation and secondary infections
5. Liver and Kidney Function Tests
● ALT, AST (Liver enzymes): Can be elevated due to ART toxicity or hepatitis
co-infection
● Creatinine, BUN (Kidney function): Monitored for ART-related nephrotoxicity
6. CD4/CD8 Ratio
● Normal range: 1.0–2.5
● In HIV: The ratio decreases as CD4 cells decline and CD8 cells increase, indicating
immune system damage
1 Recognize stages of E coli R 1
infections, portals of Stages of Infection e
entry, and modes of 1. Incubation Period m
transmission of ○ Time between exposure to Escherichia coli (E. coli) and the onset of e
infectious diseases. symptoms. m
○ Can range from a few hours to 10 days, depending on the strain. b
2. Prodromal Stage e
○ Early, nonspecific symptoms like mild abdominal discomfort, nausea, or r
fatigue.
3. Acute Stage (Illness Phase)
○ Symptoms peak, including severe diarrhea (sometimes bloody), abdominal
cramps, vomiting, and fever.
○ Certain strains (e.g., E. coli O157:H7) can cause hemolytic uremic syndrome
(HUS), leading to kidney damage.
4. Convalescent Stage
○ Symptoms resolve, and the body begins to recover.
○ Some individuals may still shed bacteria and remain contagious.
5. Resolution
○ The infection is eliminated, and normal health is restored.
Portals of Entry
● Oral-Fecal Route: Ingesting contaminated food (undercooked beef, raw vegetables)
or water.
● Urinary Tract: E. coli can enter the urethra, causing urinary tract infections (UTIs).
● Respiratory Tract (rare): Aspiration of contaminated water droplets.
● Wounds/Skin: Direct contact with contaminated surfaces or hands.
Modes of Transmission
● Direct Contact: Person-to-person via poor hygiene (e.g., unwashed hands).
● Indirect Contact: Contaminated surfaces, utensils, or objects.
● Foodborne Transmission: Consumption of contaminated meat, dairy, or produce.
Downloaded by Benjamin Luca () 3
BLUEPRINT & STUDY GUIDE
Applied Pathophysiology - Concordia St. Paul
Pass the Exam with Confidence
• This exam will cover modules 1-3b and consists of 45 questions.
• You will have 1.5 minutes per question.
• The test will have multiple choice, select all that apply, matching,
and sequence questions.
• See below for an explanation of the aptitude level
of each question.
• We wish you luck!
, lOMoARcPSD|51648332
NUR 376 Exam #1 Blueprint by Rhaeven Ortiz
This exam will cover modules 1-3b and consists of 45 questions. You will have 1.5 minutes per question. The test will have multiple
choice, select all that apply, matching, and sequence questions. See below for an explanation of the aptitude level of each
question. We wish you luck!
M Outcome Topic Bl #
o o of
d o ?s
m
s
Module 1 Immunity, Infection & Inflammation (CH 9, 10, 11)
Copy of 1 Inflammation Outline
1 Distinguish between Vascular permeability U 1
the three phases of n
inflammatory During this phase, blood vessels dilate and become more permeable, allowing immune cells d
reaction. and proteins to reach the injured site. This results in redness, warmth, and swelling e
rs
Cellular Chemotaxis ta
Inflammatory cells, particularly neutrophils and macrophages, migrate to the site of injury in n
response to chemical signals. These cells help eliminate pathogens and damaged tissue d
Downloaded by Benjamin Luca () 1
, lOMoARcPSD|51648332
Systemic Responses
The body initiates a systemic inflammatory response, which may include fever, increased white
blood cell production, and the release of inflammatory mediators such as cytokines. This
response helps coordinate the immune system's actions to address injury or infection
1 Identify key lab Titer A 2
values in Titer testing measures the concentration of antibodies in the blood, which helps determine p
inflammatory and immune response and disease exposure. In inflammatory and infectious diseases, titer levels pl
infectious diseases. provide insight into past or current infections, vaccine effectiveness, and immune system y
function
HIV R
In HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) infection, several laboratory values are crucial for e
diagnosis, monitoring disease progression, and guiding treatment. These include: m
1. CD4+ T-Cell Count e
● Normal range: 500–1,500 cells/mm³ m
● HIV impact: Progressive HIV infection leads to a decline in CD4 count. b
● Significance: e
○ ≥500 cells/mm³: Normal immune function r
○ 200–499 cells/mm³: Weakened immune system
○ <200 cells/mm³: AIDS diagnosis (high risk for opportunistic infections)
2. HIV Viral Load (HIV RNA)
● Measured in copies/mL of blood
● Undetectable (<50 copies/mL): Effective antiretroviral therapy (ART)
● >100,000 copies/mL: High viral load, risk of rapid disease progression
● Used to assess:
○ Effectiveness of ART
○ Risk of transmission
3. Complete Blood Count (CBC)
Downloaded by Benjamin Luca () 2
, lOMoARcPSD|51648332
● Common findings in HIV:
○ Leukopenia (low WBC count): Increased infection risk
○ Anemia (low RBC count and hemoglobin): Common in advanced HIV
○ Thrombocytopenia (low platelets): Can cause bleeding tendencies
4. C-Reactive Protein (CRP) & Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)
● Markers of inflammation
● Elevated in HIV due to chronic immune activation and secondary infections
5. Liver and Kidney Function Tests
● ALT, AST (Liver enzymes): Can be elevated due to ART toxicity or hepatitis
co-infection
● Creatinine, BUN (Kidney function): Monitored for ART-related nephrotoxicity
6. CD4/CD8 Ratio
● Normal range: 1.0–2.5
● In HIV: The ratio decreases as CD4 cells decline and CD8 cells increase, indicating
immune system damage
1 Recognize stages of E coli R 1
infections, portals of Stages of Infection e
entry, and modes of 1. Incubation Period m
transmission of ○ Time between exposure to Escherichia coli (E. coli) and the onset of e
infectious diseases. symptoms. m
○ Can range from a few hours to 10 days, depending on the strain. b
2. Prodromal Stage e
○ Early, nonspecific symptoms like mild abdominal discomfort, nausea, or r
fatigue.
3. Acute Stage (Illness Phase)
○ Symptoms peak, including severe diarrhea (sometimes bloody), abdominal
cramps, vomiting, and fever.
○ Certain strains (e.g., E. coli O157:H7) can cause hemolytic uremic syndrome
(HUS), leading to kidney damage.
4. Convalescent Stage
○ Symptoms resolve, and the body begins to recover.
○ Some individuals may still shed bacteria and remain contagious.
5. Resolution
○ The infection is eliminated, and normal health is restored.
Portals of Entry
● Oral-Fecal Route: Ingesting contaminated food (undercooked beef, raw vegetables)
or water.
● Urinary Tract: E. coli can enter the urethra, causing urinary tract infections (UTIs).
● Respiratory Tract (rare): Aspiration of contaminated water droplets.
● Wounds/Skin: Direct contact with contaminated surfaces or hands.
Modes of Transmission
● Direct Contact: Person-to-person via poor hygiene (e.g., unwashed hands).
● Indirect Contact: Contaminated surfaces, utensils, or objects.
● Foodborne Transmission: Consumption of contaminated meat, dairy, or produce.
Downloaded by Benjamin Luca () 3
