MDC 2 FINAL EXAM COMPLETE STUDY GUIDE
2026
◉ Hashimoto's disease. Answer: ▪ an autoimmune disease in which
the body's own antibodies attack and destroy the cells of the thyroid
gland
▪ chronic hypothyroidism
▪ triggered by bacterial or viral infection
◉ *INCREASED*
▪ T3, T4
*DECREASED*
▪ TSH. Answer: *Hyperthyroidism aka Grave's disease*
▪ Laboratory Tests
◉ type 1 diabetes mellitus. Answer: ____________ is an autoimmune
disorder where *Beta cells are destroyed*
,◉ ▪ *Polyuria*
▪ *Polydipsia*
▪ *Polyphagia*
▪ *Kussmaul Respirations*
▪ Fruity breath
▪ Abdominal pain
▪ Ketone bodies
▪ Dehydration
▪ Orthostatic Hypotension
▪ Hypoxia
▪ Weight loss
▪ Fatigue
▪ Nausea
▪ Anxiety
▪ Rashes
▪ Skin infections
▪ Peripheral neuropathy. Answer: *Type I Diabetes*
▪ Signs & Symptoms
◉ INCREASED:
,▪ Hemoglobin A1C
▪ Random blood glucose
▪ Fasting blood glucose. Answer: *Type I or Type II Diabetes*
▪ Laboratory tests
◉ *Normal range: fasting glucose <110 mg/dL*
*Normal range: hemoglobin A1C < 6.5%*
▪ They may have eaten poorly the night before (had alcohol or a
high carb dinner) but otherwise have been compliant the past 3
months.. Answer: *How would you interpret?*
▪ A patient has a fasting blood glucose level of 260 mg/dL and a
hemoglobin A1C of 6.0%
◉ *Normal range: fasting glucose <110 mg/dL*
*Normal range: hemoglobin A1C < 6.5%*
▪ They tried to eat well a few days leading up to the test but have
not been compliant the past 3 months.. Answer: *How would you
interpret?*
, ▪ A patient has a fasting blood glucose level of 99 mg/dL and a
hemoglobin A1C of 9.0%
◉ *Normal range: fasting glucose <110 mg/dL*
*Normal range: hemoglobin A1C < 6.5%*
▪ They have not been compliant at all!. Answer: *How would you
interpret?*
▪ A patient has a fasting blood glucose level of 260 mg/dL and a
hemoglobin A1C of 10.0%
◉ *This is a short-acting, regular insulin*
▪ at the peak point (half-life), which for Novolin R is at *2.5-5 hrs*
▪ this means they need to plan to eat something at that time
▪ not recommended to take before bedtime b/c of this issue.
Answer: If we are giving a patient Novolin R, when are they at the
greatest risk for hypoglycemia?
p. 1294
◉ ▪ onset: 1-5 hours
2026
◉ Hashimoto's disease. Answer: ▪ an autoimmune disease in which
the body's own antibodies attack and destroy the cells of the thyroid
gland
▪ chronic hypothyroidism
▪ triggered by bacterial or viral infection
◉ *INCREASED*
▪ T3, T4
*DECREASED*
▪ TSH. Answer: *Hyperthyroidism aka Grave's disease*
▪ Laboratory Tests
◉ type 1 diabetes mellitus. Answer: ____________ is an autoimmune
disorder where *Beta cells are destroyed*
,◉ ▪ *Polyuria*
▪ *Polydipsia*
▪ *Polyphagia*
▪ *Kussmaul Respirations*
▪ Fruity breath
▪ Abdominal pain
▪ Ketone bodies
▪ Dehydration
▪ Orthostatic Hypotension
▪ Hypoxia
▪ Weight loss
▪ Fatigue
▪ Nausea
▪ Anxiety
▪ Rashes
▪ Skin infections
▪ Peripheral neuropathy. Answer: *Type I Diabetes*
▪ Signs & Symptoms
◉ INCREASED:
,▪ Hemoglobin A1C
▪ Random blood glucose
▪ Fasting blood glucose. Answer: *Type I or Type II Diabetes*
▪ Laboratory tests
◉ *Normal range: fasting glucose <110 mg/dL*
*Normal range: hemoglobin A1C < 6.5%*
▪ They may have eaten poorly the night before (had alcohol or a
high carb dinner) but otherwise have been compliant the past 3
months.. Answer: *How would you interpret?*
▪ A patient has a fasting blood glucose level of 260 mg/dL and a
hemoglobin A1C of 6.0%
◉ *Normal range: fasting glucose <110 mg/dL*
*Normal range: hemoglobin A1C < 6.5%*
▪ They tried to eat well a few days leading up to the test but have
not been compliant the past 3 months.. Answer: *How would you
interpret?*
, ▪ A patient has a fasting blood glucose level of 99 mg/dL and a
hemoglobin A1C of 9.0%
◉ *Normal range: fasting glucose <110 mg/dL*
*Normal range: hemoglobin A1C < 6.5%*
▪ They have not been compliant at all!. Answer: *How would you
interpret?*
▪ A patient has a fasting blood glucose level of 260 mg/dL and a
hemoglobin A1C of 10.0%
◉ *This is a short-acting, regular insulin*
▪ at the peak point (half-life), which for Novolin R is at *2.5-5 hrs*
▪ this means they need to plan to eat something at that time
▪ not recommended to take before bedtime b/c of this issue.
Answer: If we are giving a patient Novolin R, when are they at the
greatest risk for hypoglycemia?
p. 1294
◉ ▪ onset: 1-5 hours
