MICROBIOLOGY A SYSTEMS APPROACH 7TH
EDITION EXAM SCRIPT 2026 COMPLETE
STUDY GUIDE WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS
◉ types of microorganisms. Answer: bacteria, viruses, protozoa,
helminths, fungi
◉ helminths. Answer: parasitic invertebrate animals such as worms
◉ eukary. Answer: true nucleus
◉ 3 cell types. Answer: eukaryotes, bacteria, archaea
◉ ubiquitous. Answer: present or existing everywhere
◉ Pathogen. Answer: any agent such as a virus, bacteria, fungus,
protozoan, or helminth that causes disease
◉ How many different microbes can cause disease?. Answer: 2,000
out of 10-100 million different species of microorganisms
,◉ Pasteur. Answer: showed that human disease could arise from
infection, Germ theory
◉ Leeuwenhoek. Answer: microscope
◉ Lister. Answer: hand washing
◉ binomial nomenclature. Answer: A system for giving each
organism a two-word scientific name that consists of the genus
name followed by the species name
◉ Taxonomy. Answer: classifying organisms
◉ atoms. Answer: Made of protons, neutrons, and electrons
◉ protons, neutrons, electrons. Answer: Protons -fixed in an atom
which defines an element. Number of neutrons may vary; electrons
are transferred or shared between atoms in chemical reactions
◉ compound. Answer: more than one element
◉ ionic compounds. Answer: contain one metal at least. Ex: sodium
chloride
, ◉ covalent bond. Answer: no metal involved (carbon dioxide, water,
etc). Can be polar (water). Water also has a hydrogen bond, polar
compound soluble in polar solvent, non-polar compound soluble in
non-polar solvent
◉ pH scale. Answer: acid less than 7, basic more than 7
◉ Carbohydrates. Answer: gives readily available energy
examples- glucose, fructose, -monsaccarides, lactose- disaccaride,
starch- polysaccharide
◉ Protein. Answer: made of amino acids, has primary (amino acid
sequence), secondary (alpha helix, beta pleated sheet), tertiary (3D
structure), quaternary (multimedia proteins such as hemoglobin)
structure
◉ peptide bond. Answer: joins two amino acids
◉ carbon-carbon double bond. Answer: present in unsaturated fatty
acids
◉ triglyceride-gylcerol. Answer: attached to 3 fatty acids
EDITION EXAM SCRIPT 2026 COMPLETE
STUDY GUIDE WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS
◉ types of microorganisms. Answer: bacteria, viruses, protozoa,
helminths, fungi
◉ helminths. Answer: parasitic invertebrate animals such as worms
◉ eukary. Answer: true nucleus
◉ 3 cell types. Answer: eukaryotes, bacteria, archaea
◉ ubiquitous. Answer: present or existing everywhere
◉ Pathogen. Answer: any agent such as a virus, bacteria, fungus,
protozoan, or helminth that causes disease
◉ How many different microbes can cause disease?. Answer: 2,000
out of 10-100 million different species of microorganisms
,◉ Pasteur. Answer: showed that human disease could arise from
infection, Germ theory
◉ Leeuwenhoek. Answer: microscope
◉ Lister. Answer: hand washing
◉ binomial nomenclature. Answer: A system for giving each
organism a two-word scientific name that consists of the genus
name followed by the species name
◉ Taxonomy. Answer: classifying organisms
◉ atoms. Answer: Made of protons, neutrons, and electrons
◉ protons, neutrons, electrons. Answer: Protons -fixed in an atom
which defines an element. Number of neutrons may vary; electrons
are transferred or shared between atoms in chemical reactions
◉ compound. Answer: more than one element
◉ ionic compounds. Answer: contain one metal at least. Ex: sodium
chloride
, ◉ covalent bond. Answer: no metal involved (carbon dioxide, water,
etc). Can be polar (water). Water also has a hydrogen bond, polar
compound soluble in polar solvent, non-polar compound soluble in
non-polar solvent
◉ pH scale. Answer: acid less than 7, basic more than 7
◉ Carbohydrates. Answer: gives readily available energy
examples- glucose, fructose, -monsaccarides, lactose- disaccaride,
starch- polysaccharide
◉ Protein. Answer: made of amino acids, has primary (amino acid
sequence), secondary (alpha helix, beta pleated sheet), tertiary (3D
structure), quaternary (multimedia proteins such as hemoglobin)
structure
◉ peptide bond. Answer: joins two amino acids
◉ carbon-carbon double bond. Answer: present in unsaturated fatty
acids
◉ triglyceride-gylcerol. Answer: attached to 3 fatty acids
