D772 Statistical Data Literacy: Master the
Numbers That Matter
1. A researcher is interested in studying the average income of all households in a particular city.
Which of the following represents the population in this study?
All households in the city.
2. A study wants to investigate the effects of a new teaching method on student performance in
mathematics. In this scenario, which of the following study designs would be an experiment?
A study where students are randomly assigned to either the new teaching method or traditional
methods.
6. In a research study investigating the effectiveness of a new pain medication, participants are
randomly assigned to either the experimental group (receiving the new medication) or the control
group (receiving a placebo). However, the researchers who interact with the participants are aware of
who is receiving which treatment. This type of study design is known as:
Single-blind
7. Researchers are conducting an experiment to see if consuming caffeine before bed causes an
increase in the number of dreams adults remembered. Subjects are randomly assigned into two
groups. The first group is given a caffeine pill to take before bed, while the other group is told not to
consume any caffeine before bed. The researchers track the patients for the next month and have
them report the number of dreams they remembered. What term describes the group that was told
to not consume caffeine before bed?
Control
8. A teacher wants to test whether students do better when taking an exam in the morning or the
evening. They put all their students' names in a jar, mix them up, and select names until half have
been chosen. Those chosen are given the test in the morning and those not chosen are given the test
in the evening. Scores are then compared between the two groups. Which principle of experimental
design was involved in this study?
Randomization
, 9. A farmer wants to determine whether their cows prefer a diet of grass or grain. They randomly
picked 100 cows and gave them access to both types of feed, then record which type each one
chooses. What type of study is this?
Observational Study
10. A large corporation wants to get its employees' opinions on a proposed change to the company
retirement plan. They obtain a list of all employees and randomly select 500 individuals to survey.
What type of sampling is this?
Simple Random Sampling
Population
The entire group of individuals/objects you want to study
Sample
A smaller, more manageable group selected from the population
Parameter
A numerical value describing an entire populations characteristics ( population/____________ )
Statistic
A numerical value describing a characteristic of a sample ( sample/___________ )
Individuals
Objected described by a set of data ( what we collected data from )
Variables
Characteristics/measurements we are interested in studying
Data
Actual values of the variables!!
Quantitative Variables
Numerical measurements ( age, weight, height, income )
Categorical Variables
Labels ( gender, race, occupation, favorite color )
Stratified Sampling
Dividing a population into subgroups called "strata", based on specific characteristics ( age )
Cluster Sampling
Numbers That Matter
1. A researcher is interested in studying the average income of all households in a particular city.
Which of the following represents the population in this study?
All households in the city.
2. A study wants to investigate the effects of a new teaching method on student performance in
mathematics. In this scenario, which of the following study designs would be an experiment?
A study where students are randomly assigned to either the new teaching method or traditional
methods.
6. In a research study investigating the effectiveness of a new pain medication, participants are
randomly assigned to either the experimental group (receiving the new medication) or the control
group (receiving a placebo). However, the researchers who interact with the participants are aware of
who is receiving which treatment. This type of study design is known as:
Single-blind
7. Researchers are conducting an experiment to see if consuming caffeine before bed causes an
increase in the number of dreams adults remembered. Subjects are randomly assigned into two
groups. The first group is given a caffeine pill to take before bed, while the other group is told not to
consume any caffeine before bed. The researchers track the patients for the next month and have
them report the number of dreams they remembered. What term describes the group that was told
to not consume caffeine before bed?
Control
8. A teacher wants to test whether students do better when taking an exam in the morning or the
evening. They put all their students' names in a jar, mix them up, and select names until half have
been chosen. Those chosen are given the test in the morning and those not chosen are given the test
in the evening. Scores are then compared between the two groups. Which principle of experimental
design was involved in this study?
Randomization
, 9. A farmer wants to determine whether their cows prefer a diet of grass or grain. They randomly
picked 100 cows and gave them access to both types of feed, then record which type each one
chooses. What type of study is this?
Observational Study
10. A large corporation wants to get its employees' opinions on a proposed change to the company
retirement plan. They obtain a list of all employees and randomly select 500 individuals to survey.
What type of sampling is this?
Simple Random Sampling
Population
The entire group of individuals/objects you want to study
Sample
A smaller, more manageable group selected from the population
Parameter
A numerical value describing an entire populations characteristics ( population/____________ )
Statistic
A numerical value describing a characteristic of a sample ( sample/___________ )
Individuals
Objected described by a set of data ( what we collected data from )
Variables
Characteristics/measurements we are interested in studying
Data
Actual values of the variables!!
Quantitative Variables
Numerical measurements ( age, weight, height, income )
Categorical Variables
Labels ( gender, race, occupation, favorite color )
Stratified Sampling
Dividing a population into subgroups called "strata", based on specific characteristics ( age )
Cluster Sampling
