NAPLEX NORTH AMERICAN PHARMACIST
LICENSURE EXAMINATION EXAM SCRIPT 2026
◉ What are the difference study designs within the RCT? Answer: 1.
Parallel study design
2. Crossover study design
3. Factorial Design
◉ *Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis* Answer: When there are
many studies available in the literature, a systemic review and
possible meta-analysis is useful to summarize the main findings in
order to guide evidence based medical decisions.
◉ What is the difference between Systematic Review and Meta-
Analysis? Answer: A systematic review is a structured literature
review that uses a step by step protocol with preset criteria for
selecting and rigorously evaluating studies
Meta-Analysis is a statistical technique that can be used to combine
results from multiple studies to develop a single conclusion that has
greater statistical power than is possible in the individual smaller
studies
◉ Ex of Intangible? Answer: Pain, suffering, weak, anxiety, etc..
,◉ What does Pharmacoeconomic research identifies? Answer:
Pharmacoeconomic research identifies, measures, and compares the
cost (direct, indirect and intangible) and consequences (clinical,
economic and humanistic) of pharmaceutical products and services.
◉ List some methods use to determine the impact of the
pharmaceutical product? Answer: Cost-effectivness analysis (CEA)
Cost-minimization analysis (CMA)
Cost-utility analysis (CUA)
Cost-benefit analysis (CBA)
◉ T or F. Pharmacoeconomic studies serve to guide optimal
healthcare resource allocation, in a standardized and Evidence
based manner. Answer: T
◉ What is ECHO model? Answer: Economic outcomes: Include
direct, indirect and intangible cost of the drug compared to a
medical intervention
Clinical outcomes; Include medical events that occur as a result of
the treatment or intervention
Humanistic Outcomes: Include consequences of the disease or
treatment as reported by the patient or caregiver (patient
satisfaction, quality of life )
,◉ What is Cost-Minimization Analysis? Answer: CMA is used when
two or more interventions have already demonstrated equivalency
in outcome and the cost of each intervention are being compared.
* However, the use of this method is limited given its ability to
compare only alternatives with demonstrated equivalent outcomes*
◉ What is Cost-benefit analysis? Answer: Cost-Benefit analysis
(CBA) is a systemic process for calculating and comparing benefits
and costs of an intervention in terms of monetary unit ($$$$).
◉ What is Cost-Effectiveness Analysis? Answer: Is defined as a series
of analytical and mathematical procedures that aid in the selection
of a course of action from various alternative approaches.
* The main advantage of this method is that the outcomes are easier
to quantify when compared to other analyses, and clinicians and
decision makers are familiar with these types of outcomes since they
are similar to outcomes seen in clinical trials and practice.*
◉ What is the disadvantage of CEA? Answer: Inability to directly
compare different types of outcome. For example, one cannot
compare the cost effectiveness of implementing a diabetes program
with implementing an asthma program where the outcome units are
different (e.g., blood glucose values versus asthma exacerbations)
◉ What is CUA? Answer: Cost-utility analysis is a specialized form of
CEA that includes a quality of life component associated with
, morbidity using common health indices such as quality adjusted life
year (QALYs) and disability-adjusted life year (DALYs). An advantage
of CUA is that different types of outcomes and diseases with multiple
outcomes of interest can be compared (unlike CEA) using one
common unit, like QALY
◉ Which of the following statements concerning case-control
studies is correct? A. They are retrospective B. The patient serves as
their own control C. The researcher analyzes individual patient cases
D. They include cases without the intervention E. They provide
conclusive evidence of cause and effect Answer: A. they are
retrospective
C. The researcher analyzes individual patient cases
D. They include cases without the intervention
◉ Which of the following statements regarding the median is
correct? A. It is the value in the middle of ranked list B. It is not
appropriate to use the skewed data C. It is not sensitive to outliers D.
It is a measure of dispersion E. In a normal distribution, it is the
same as the mean Answer: A. It is the value in the middle of ranked
list
C. It is not sensitive to outliers
E. In a normal distribution, it is the same as the mean
◉ T or F. Hazard ratio = Relative Risk Answer: True
LICENSURE EXAMINATION EXAM SCRIPT 2026
◉ What are the difference study designs within the RCT? Answer: 1.
Parallel study design
2. Crossover study design
3. Factorial Design
◉ *Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis* Answer: When there are
many studies available in the literature, a systemic review and
possible meta-analysis is useful to summarize the main findings in
order to guide evidence based medical decisions.
◉ What is the difference between Systematic Review and Meta-
Analysis? Answer: A systematic review is a structured literature
review that uses a step by step protocol with preset criteria for
selecting and rigorously evaluating studies
Meta-Analysis is a statistical technique that can be used to combine
results from multiple studies to develop a single conclusion that has
greater statistical power than is possible in the individual smaller
studies
◉ Ex of Intangible? Answer: Pain, suffering, weak, anxiety, etc..
,◉ What does Pharmacoeconomic research identifies? Answer:
Pharmacoeconomic research identifies, measures, and compares the
cost (direct, indirect and intangible) and consequences (clinical,
economic and humanistic) of pharmaceutical products and services.
◉ List some methods use to determine the impact of the
pharmaceutical product? Answer: Cost-effectivness analysis (CEA)
Cost-minimization analysis (CMA)
Cost-utility analysis (CUA)
Cost-benefit analysis (CBA)
◉ T or F. Pharmacoeconomic studies serve to guide optimal
healthcare resource allocation, in a standardized and Evidence
based manner. Answer: T
◉ What is ECHO model? Answer: Economic outcomes: Include
direct, indirect and intangible cost of the drug compared to a
medical intervention
Clinical outcomes; Include medical events that occur as a result of
the treatment or intervention
Humanistic Outcomes: Include consequences of the disease or
treatment as reported by the patient or caregiver (patient
satisfaction, quality of life )
,◉ What is Cost-Minimization Analysis? Answer: CMA is used when
two or more interventions have already demonstrated equivalency
in outcome and the cost of each intervention are being compared.
* However, the use of this method is limited given its ability to
compare only alternatives with demonstrated equivalent outcomes*
◉ What is Cost-benefit analysis? Answer: Cost-Benefit analysis
(CBA) is a systemic process for calculating and comparing benefits
and costs of an intervention in terms of monetary unit ($$$$).
◉ What is Cost-Effectiveness Analysis? Answer: Is defined as a series
of analytical and mathematical procedures that aid in the selection
of a course of action from various alternative approaches.
* The main advantage of this method is that the outcomes are easier
to quantify when compared to other analyses, and clinicians and
decision makers are familiar with these types of outcomes since they
are similar to outcomes seen in clinical trials and practice.*
◉ What is the disadvantage of CEA? Answer: Inability to directly
compare different types of outcome. For example, one cannot
compare the cost effectiveness of implementing a diabetes program
with implementing an asthma program where the outcome units are
different (e.g., blood glucose values versus asthma exacerbations)
◉ What is CUA? Answer: Cost-utility analysis is a specialized form of
CEA that includes a quality of life component associated with
, morbidity using common health indices such as quality adjusted life
year (QALYs) and disability-adjusted life year (DALYs). An advantage
of CUA is that different types of outcomes and diseases with multiple
outcomes of interest can be compared (unlike CEA) using one
common unit, like QALY
◉ Which of the following statements concerning case-control
studies is correct? A. They are retrospective B. The patient serves as
their own control C. The researcher analyzes individual patient cases
D. They include cases without the intervention E. They provide
conclusive evidence of cause and effect Answer: A. they are
retrospective
C. The researcher analyzes individual patient cases
D. They include cases without the intervention
◉ Which of the following statements regarding the median is
correct? A. It is the value in the middle of ranked list B. It is not
appropriate to use the skewed data C. It is not sensitive to outliers D.
It is a measure of dispersion E. In a normal distribution, it is the
same as the mean Answer: A. It is the value in the middle of ranked
list
C. It is not sensitive to outliers
E. In a normal distribution, it is the same as the mean
◉ T or F. Hazard ratio = Relative Risk Answer: True
