GNRS 515 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
EXAM 100 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS ALREADY GRADED A+ 2026-2027.
isotonic hypovolemia - ANSWER-hypovolemia manifesting with flat neck veins
& rapid heart rate (low b/p high HR)
treat by replacing fluids with normal saline 0.9% solution
isotonic hypervolemia tx - ANSWER-treat with diuretics
hypertonicity of ECF - ANSWER-attracts water from the ICF into the ECF,
causing ICF dehydration
hypertonic alterations - ANSWER-osmolality above normal due to
1) too much ECF sodium or not enough free water
,2) free water loss, leaving behind too much Na+
1. too much ECF sodium leads to hypertonicity of ECF and attracts water from
ICF leading to its dehydration (good for brain swelling though, see mannitol
and hypertonic 3% saline)
2. hypertonicity caused by water loss is STILL hypovolemia (think about it)
DNA replication - ANSWER-untwisted and zipped by hydrogen bonds being
broken between two pairs
DNA polymerase - ANSWER-pairs new bases, aka complementary base pairing
(ATCG)
Chromosome aberrations occur where? - ANSWER-occurs among number or
structure
, Explain base pair substitution - ANSWER-mutation where ATCG base pairing is
mixed
Missense mutation - ANSWER-A base-pair substitution that results in a codon
that codes for a different amino acid. The "sense" of the codon is altered
Nonsense mutation - ANSWER-substitutions into a stop codon, but it is in the
wrong place! (quite dangerous)
Silent mutation - ANSWER-nucleotide change does not affect amino acid
Frameshift mutation - ANSWER-insertion or deletion of one or more base pairs.
Changes the entire reading frame of DNA sequence (also dangerous)
EXAM 100 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS ALREADY GRADED A+ 2026-2027.
isotonic hypovolemia - ANSWER-hypovolemia manifesting with flat neck veins
& rapid heart rate (low b/p high HR)
treat by replacing fluids with normal saline 0.9% solution
isotonic hypervolemia tx - ANSWER-treat with diuretics
hypertonicity of ECF - ANSWER-attracts water from the ICF into the ECF,
causing ICF dehydration
hypertonic alterations - ANSWER-osmolality above normal due to
1) too much ECF sodium or not enough free water
,2) free water loss, leaving behind too much Na+
1. too much ECF sodium leads to hypertonicity of ECF and attracts water from
ICF leading to its dehydration (good for brain swelling though, see mannitol
and hypertonic 3% saline)
2. hypertonicity caused by water loss is STILL hypovolemia (think about it)
DNA replication - ANSWER-untwisted and zipped by hydrogen bonds being
broken between two pairs
DNA polymerase - ANSWER-pairs new bases, aka complementary base pairing
(ATCG)
Chromosome aberrations occur where? - ANSWER-occurs among number or
structure
, Explain base pair substitution - ANSWER-mutation where ATCG base pairing is
mixed
Missense mutation - ANSWER-A base-pair substitution that results in a codon
that codes for a different amino acid. The "sense" of the codon is altered
Nonsense mutation - ANSWER-substitutions into a stop codon, but it is in the
wrong place! (quite dangerous)
Silent mutation - ANSWER-nucleotide change does not affect amino acid
Frameshift mutation - ANSWER-insertion or deletion of one or more base pairs.
Changes the entire reading frame of DNA sequence (also dangerous)
