A certain disease is currently found in 1 of every 10 people in the country and 1,000 people
contract the disease yearly. The popula on of the country is 4,500,000. Which of the following
statements is correct?
a. The prevalence of the disease is 10% and the incidence is .02%.
b. The prevalence of the disease is .02% and the incidence is 10%.
c. Neither is correct.
d. There is insufficient data -correct answers A
In rela on to disease development, the term "e ology" refers to which of the following?
a.number of people with the disease
b. cause of the disease
c. defini on of the disease
d. outcome of the disease -correct answers B
Which of the following is(are) true about "symptoms"?
a. objec ve and measurable
b. the same as "signs"
c. both of the above
d. neither of the above -correct answers D
,In 1992, there were 980 deaths in a Midwestern city with a popula on of 1,000,000. At the
beginning of that year, 900 cases of AIDS existed in this popula on. During the year, 250 new
cases of AIDS were diagnosed, and 75 people died of the disease in 1992.
Using the data given above, what was the incidence rate (per 100,000 popula on) at the end of
1992 for AIDS?
a. 6
b. 25
c. 88
d. 116 -correct answers B
What level of preven on is a blood pressure screening program for high school students who
are pregnant?
a. primary
b. secondary
c. ter ary -correct answers B
Mr. Forbes complains of "indiges on" and becomes sweaty and pale. His wife takes him to the
Emergency Department at Northwestern Memorial Hospital. A cardiac catheteriza on 2 days
later shows par al blockage of his right coronary artery (RCA).
Blockage of the right coronary artery can lead to myocardial cell injury because it results in
which of the following?
a. bilirubin accumula on in myocardial cells
b. altera on in the gene c material of myocardial cells
c. reduced energy produc on in myocardial cells
d. ac va on of the complement system -correct answers C
When myocardial cells are injured, the func on of the Na-K membrane pump may be impaired.
Which of the following may then result?
,a.intracellular sodium will increase
b. extracellular potassium will decrease
c. cell volume will decrease
d. all of the above -correct answers A
Mr. Forbes is being prepared for open heart surgery when he suffers a myocardial infarc on in
which a large part of his le ventricle has suffered lethal cell injury.
Mr. Forbes' CPK-MB and LDH1, enzymes associated with myocardial cells, are significantly
elevated. What is the best explana on for this?
a. It is a sign that necro c myocardial cells have released their cytoplasmic contents into the
blood.
b. It is a sign of reversible fa y accumula on in the myocardial cells
c. It is a sign that the myocardial cells are undergoing hypertrophy.
d. None of the above. -correct answers A
If a ssue specimen of myocardial cells were obtained for examina on from Mr. Forbes, which
of the following findings would indicate irreversible cell injury?
a. cellular swelling
b. decreased ATP produc on
c. decreased intracellular calcium
d. dissolu on of nuclear material -correct answers D
The accumula on of lac c acid that occurs with impaired energy produc on results from which
of the following?
a. increased intracellular glucose
b. increased anaerobic metabolism
c. decreased metabolic rate
, d. increased oxida ve phosphoryla on -correct answers B
A mountain climber is stranded at 23,000 feet in the Swiss Alps and has lost all his equipment
and supplies in an avalanche. Subsequently, he suffers cell injury due to impaired ATP
produc on. The reason for the decrease in ATP is which of the following?
a. enzyme inhibi on
b. uncoupling
c. hypoxia
d. none of the above -correct answers C
An elderly pa ent develops an obstruc on in his le middle cerebral artery. The brain ssue
supplied by this artery becomes hypoxic. The best explana on for this is which of the following?
a. the obstruc on results in decreased blood flow
b. the obstruc on results in decreased hemoglobin in the blood
c. while blood flow stays the same, the obstruc on reduces oxygen content in the blood
d. none of the above explain the reason for the hypoxia -correct answers A
Increased mobiliza on and delivery of free fa y acids to liver cells can result in fat
accumula on. Which of the following problems results in increased mobiliza on of free fa y
acids?
a. anemia
b. hepa c toxins
c. starva on
d. hypoxia -correct answers C
Generalized hypoxia results in a switch to anaerobic metabolism in cells. Anaerobic metabolism
results in which of the following?
a. decreased lac c acid inside cells
contract the disease yearly. The popula on of the country is 4,500,000. Which of the following
statements is correct?
a. The prevalence of the disease is 10% and the incidence is .02%.
b. The prevalence of the disease is .02% and the incidence is 10%.
c. Neither is correct.
d. There is insufficient data -correct answers A
In rela on to disease development, the term "e ology" refers to which of the following?
a.number of people with the disease
b. cause of the disease
c. defini on of the disease
d. outcome of the disease -correct answers B
Which of the following is(are) true about "symptoms"?
a. objec ve and measurable
b. the same as "signs"
c. both of the above
d. neither of the above -correct answers D
,In 1992, there were 980 deaths in a Midwestern city with a popula on of 1,000,000. At the
beginning of that year, 900 cases of AIDS existed in this popula on. During the year, 250 new
cases of AIDS were diagnosed, and 75 people died of the disease in 1992.
Using the data given above, what was the incidence rate (per 100,000 popula on) at the end of
1992 for AIDS?
a. 6
b. 25
c. 88
d. 116 -correct answers B
What level of preven on is a blood pressure screening program for high school students who
are pregnant?
a. primary
b. secondary
c. ter ary -correct answers B
Mr. Forbes complains of "indiges on" and becomes sweaty and pale. His wife takes him to the
Emergency Department at Northwestern Memorial Hospital. A cardiac catheteriza on 2 days
later shows par al blockage of his right coronary artery (RCA).
Blockage of the right coronary artery can lead to myocardial cell injury because it results in
which of the following?
a. bilirubin accumula on in myocardial cells
b. altera on in the gene c material of myocardial cells
c. reduced energy produc on in myocardial cells
d. ac va on of the complement system -correct answers C
When myocardial cells are injured, the func on of the Na-K membrane pump may be impaired.
Which of the following may then result?
,a.intracellular sodium will increase
b. extracellular potassium will decrease
c. cell volume will decrease
d. all of the above -correct answers A
Mr. Forbes is being prepared for open heart surgery when he suffers a myocardial infarc on in
which a large part of his le ventricle has suffered lethal cell injury.
Mr. Forbes' CPK-MB and LDH1, enzymes associated with myocardial cells, are significantly
elevated. What is the best explana on for this?
a. It is a sign that necro c myocardial cells have released their cytoplasmic contents into the
blood.
b. It is a sign of reversible fa y accumula on in the myocardial cells
c. It is a sign that the myocardial cells are undergoing hypertrophy.
d. None of the above. -correct answers A
If a ssue specimen of myocardial cells were obtained for examina on from Mr. Forbes, which
of the following findings would indicate irreversible cell injury?
a. cellular swelling
b. decreased ATP produc on
c. decreased intracellular calcium
d. dissolu on of nuclear material -correct answers D
The accumula on of lac c acid that occurs with impaired energy produc on results from which
of the following?
a. increased intracellular glucose
b. increased anaerobic metabolism
c. decreased metabolic rate
, d. increased oxida ve phosphoryla on -correct answers B
A mountain climber is stranded at 23,000 feet in the Swiss Alps and has lost all his equipment
and supplies in an avalanche. Subsequently, he suffers cell injury due to impaired ATP
produc on. The reason for the decrease in ATP is which of the following?
a. enzyme inhibi on
b. uncoupling
c. hypoxia
d. none of the above -correct answers C
An elderly pa ent develops an obstruc on in his le middle cerebral artery. The brain ssue
supplied by this artery becomes hypoxic. The best explana on for this is which of the following?
a. the obstruc on results in decreased blood flow
b. the obstruc on results in decreased hemoglobin in the blood
c. while blood flow stays the same, the obstruc on reduces oxygen content in the blood
d. none of the above explain the reason for the hypoxia -correct answers A
Increased mobiliza on and delivery of free fa y acids to liver cells can result in fat
accumula on. Which of the following problems results in increased mobiliza on of free fa y
acids?
a. anemia
b. hepa c toxins
c. starva on
d. hypoxia -correct answers C
Generalized hypoxia results in a switch to anaerobic metabolism in cells. Anaerobic metabolism
results in which of the following?
a. decreased lac c acid inside cells
