PSYC 331 FINAL EXAM ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
✔✔Problems with self report inventories - ✔✔faking, carelessness and sabotage,
response tendencies
✔✔What is the point of measuring traits? - ✔✔to predict behavior and to understand
behavior
✔✔single trait approach - ✔✔approach in trait research wherein the focus is on one
particular trait
✔✔many-trait approach - ✔✔the research strategy that focuses on a particular behavior
and investigates its correlates with as many different personality traits as possible in
order to explain the basis of the behavior and to illuminate the workings of personality
✔✔essential trait approach - ✔✔The research strategy that attempts to narrow the list of
thousands of trait terms into a shorter list of the ones that really matter.
✔✔typological approach - ✔✔The research strategy that focuses on identifying types of
individuals. Each type is characterized by a particular pattern of traits.
✔✔Validity - ✔✔the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to
✔✔What are the 3 types of reliability? - ✔✔test-retest, interrater, internal
✔✔What are the 5 types of validity? - ✔✔-face validity
-predictive validity
-convergent validity
-discriminant validity
-construct validity
✔✔What type of model did Eysenck develop? - ✔✔hierarchal model
✔✔situational selection - ✔✔the tendency to choose the situations in which one finds
oneself
✔✔What type of personality tests are used in the workplace? - ✔✔- MMPI or CPI
- personnel selection aids
- integrity testing
✔✔4 trait qualities - ✔✔1) Internal Dispositions: stable over time and across dispositions
2) Bipolar: traits exist on a continuum (high-low), usually exist on normal distribution
, 3) Additive and Independent: can use many traits to describe someone but each trait is
independent
4) Broad Individual Differences: social/emotional functioning
✔✔Problems with MBTI - ✔✔1) People don't come in "types"--cutoff scores
2) Unreliability of typology scheme
3) Assumes large between-category differences and no within-category differences
Good to get people thinking, maybe not very valid/reliable
✔✔Big 5 Facets - ✔✔EXTRAVERSION: warmth, talkativeness, assertiveness, activity
level, excitement seeking, positive emotion
CONSCIENTIOUSNESS: competence, order, dutifulness, achievement-seeking, self-
discipline
NEUROTICISM: anxiety, hostility, depression, self-consciousness, impulsiveness,
stress vulnerability
OPENNESS: fantasy, aesthetics, feelings, actions, ideas
AGREEABLENESS: trust, straightforwardness, altruism, compliance, modesty, tender
mindedness
✔✔4 Trait Qualities - ✔✔1) Internal Dispositions: stable over time and across
dispositions
2) Bipolar: traits exist on a continuum (high-low), usually exist on normal distribution
3) Additive and Independent: can use many traits to describe someone but each trait is
independent
4) Broad Individual Differences: social/emotional functioning
✔✔independent variable - ✔✔The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable
whose effect is being studied.
✔✔Depdendent variable - ✔✔The factor in an experiment being measured. It is known
as the responding variable.
✔✔Implicit Association Test (IAT) - ✔✔-rapidly make categorical decisions
-response times can reveal how closely linked different concepts are in a person's mind
✔✔ego - ✔✔According to Freud, what component of personality contains the 'reality
principle'?
✔✔Id - ✔✔a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to
satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle,
demanding immediate gratification.
✔✔Superego - ✔✔the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents
internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future
aspirations
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
✔✔Problems with self report inventories - ✔✔faking, carelessness and sabotage,
response tendencies
✔✔What is the point of measuring traits? - ✔✔to predict behavior and to understand
behavior
✔✔single trait approach - ✔✔approach in trait research wherein the focus is on one
particular trait
✔✔many-trait approach - ✔✔the research strategy that focuses on a particular behavior
and investigates its correlates with as many different personality traits as possible in
order to explain the basis of the behavior and to illuminate the workings of personality
✔✔essential trait approach - ✔✔The research strategy that attempts to narrow the list of
thousands of trait terms into a shorter list of the ones that really matter.
✔✔typological approach - ✔✔The research strategy that focuses on identifying types of
individuals. Each type is characterized by a particular pattern of traits.
✔✔Validity - ✔✔the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to
✔✔What are the 3 types of reliability? - ✔✔test-retest, interrater, internal
✔✔What are the 5 types of validity? - ✔✔-face validity
-predictive validity
-convergent validity
-discriminant validity
-construct validity
✔✔What type of model did Eysenck develop? - ✔✔hierarchal model
✔✔situational selection - ✔✔the tendency to choose the situations in which one finds
oneself
✔✔What type of personality tests are used in the workplace? - ✔✔- MMPI or CPI
- personnel selection aids
- integrity testing
✔✔4 trait qualities - ✔✔1) Internal Dispositions: stable over time and across dispositions
2) Bipolar: traits exist on a continuum (high-low), usually exist on normal distribution
, 3) Additive and Independent: can use many traits to describe someone but each trait is
independent
4) Broad Individual Differences: social/emotional functioning
✔✔Problems with MBTI - ✔✔1) People don't come in "types"--cutoff scores
2) Unreliability of typology scheme
3) Assumes large between-category differences and no within-category differences
Good to get people thinking, maybe not very valid/reliable
✔✔Big 5 Facets - ✔✔EXTRAVERSION: warmth, talkativeness, assertiveness, activity
level, excitement seeking, positive emotion
CONSCIENTIOUSNESS: competence, order, dutifulness, achievement-seeking, self-
discipline
NEUROTICISM: anxiety, hostility, depression, self-consciousness, impulsiveness,
stress vulnerability
OPENNESS: fantasy, aesthetics, feelings, actions, ideas
AGREEABLENESS: trust, straightforwardness, altruism, compliance, modesty, tender
mindedness
✔✔4 Trait Qualities - ✔✔1) Internal Dispositions: stable over time and across
dispositions
2) Bipolar: traits exist on a continuum (high-low), usually exist on normal distribution
3) Additive and Independent: can use many traits to describe someone but each trait is
independent
4) Broad Individual Differences: social/emotional functioning
✔✔independent variable - ✔✔The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable
whose effect is being studied.
✔✔Depdendent variable - ✔✔The factor in an experiment being measured. It is known
as the responding variable.
✔✔Implicit Association Test (IAT) - ✔✔-rapidly make categorical decisions
-response times can reveal how closely linked different concepts are in a person's mind
✔✔ego - ✔✔According to Freud, what component of personality contains the 'reality
principle'?
✔✔Id - ✔✔a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to
satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle,
demanding immediate gratification.
✔✔Superego - ✔✔the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents
internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future
aspirations
