Nur 529 Exam 3 Medical Conditions And Diagnostics Complete Study Guide 2026 – Advanced Pathophysiology Practice Questions, Clinical Manifestations, Diagnostic Testing, Disease Mechanisms, And Comprehensive Q&A Bank Latest Update Graded A+

NUR 529 EXAM 3 MEDICAL CONDITIONS AND DIAGNOSTICS COMPLETE STUDY GUIDE 2026 – ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY PRACTICE QUESTIONS, CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS, DIAGNOSTIC TESTING, DISEASE MECHANISMS, AND COMPREHENSIVE Q&A BANK LATEST UPDATE GRADED A+ 1. Describe how hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS) leads to dehydration in the body. HHS stimulates the thirst mechanism, preventing dehydration. HHS causes high blood glucose levels, leading to osmotic diuresis and subsequent loss of fluids. HHS causes the kidneys to retain glucose, leading to fluid retention. HHS increases insulin production, which retains fluid in the body. 2. What are the primary hormones produced by the adrenal gland? Cortisol, aldosterone, and adrenaline Estrogen and testosterone Thyroxine and calcitonin Insulin and glucagon 3. What is the most common means of transmission for hepatitis C? Sharing needles for illegal injection drug use Sexual intercourse Coughs and sneezes from an infected person Mosquitoes 4. If a patient has a disrupted intestinal flora due to antibiotic use, what potential deficiency might they experience? Vitamin B12 deficiency Vitamin K deficiency Vitamin A deficiency Vitamin D deficiency 5. What is the primary cause of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia? An autoimmune reaction against adrenal glands A genetic mutation affecting adrenal hormone production A viral infection of the adrenal cortex A deficiency of dietary minerals 6. Which can cause transmission of Hepatitis B needle sharing blood transfusion plasma transfusion homosexual activity all of the above 7. Describe the role of the anterior pituitary gland in the endocrine system. The anterior pituitary gland only produces hormones related to stress response. The anterior pituitary gland primarily stores hormones produced by the hypothalamus. The anterior pituitary gland is responsible for detoxifying hormones in the bloodstream. The anterior pituitary gland regulates various physiological processes by releasing hormones that control growth, metabolism, and reproductive functions. 8. Which vitamin produced by intestinal flora is crucial for blood clotting? Vitamin D Vitamin C Vitamin B12 Vitamin K 9. Describe the significance of the growth hormone suppression test in diagnosing acromegaly. The growth hormone suppression test assesses insulin levels in the body. The growth hormone suppression test determines cortisol levels in the blood. The growth hormone suppression test evaluates thyroid hormone production. The growth hormone suppression test measures how well the body regulates growth hormone levels, which is crucial for diagnosing acromegaly. 10. If a patient with Addison's disease experiences increased fatigue and low blood pressure, what should be the immediate course of action? Ignore the symptoms as they will resolve on their own. Consult a healthcare provider for potential treatment adjustments. Self-medicate with over-the-counter supplements. Increase physical activity to combat fatigue. 11. Celiac disease is caused by... An autoimmune response, triggered by gluten, in which the immune system attacks cells of the small intestine. A lack of digestive enzymes to break down wheat proteins. The immune system producing antibodies that attack wheat as if it was an invading pathogen. 12. Describe the primary modes of transmission for Hepatitis B. Hepatitis B is primarily transmitted through contact with infectious body fluids, such as blood, semen, and vaginal secretions. Hepatitis B is transmitted via insect bites. Hepatitis B is spread through respiratory droplets. Hepatitis B is transmitted through contaminated food and water. 13. What is the main hormone associated with the regulation of appetite and satiety? Insulin Ghrelin Leptin Glucagon 14. Which medication can irritate the mucosal lining of the gastric system? NSAIDS PPI H2 receptor blockers Beta blockers 15. What is a key characteristic that distinguishes Type 1 Diabetes from Type 2 Diabetes? Type 2 Diabetes is caused by insulin resistance. Type 2 Diabetes requires insulin therapy from diagnosis. Type 1 Diabetes is primarily an autoimmune condition. Type 1 Diabetes is more common in adults. 16. In a patient with hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS), what treatment would be most critical to restore fluid balance? Diuretic medication Oral glucose administration Insulin therapy alone Intravenous fluid replacement 17. What does the Fasting Plasma Glucose test measure? Cholesterol levels in the blood Liver enzyme levels Blood glucose levels after fasting Insulin levels in the bloodstream 18. Which two hormones are primarily secreted by the posterior pituitary gland? Cortisol and aldosterone Thyroxine and triiodothyronine Oxytocin and vasopressin (ADH) Insulin and glucagon 19. Long-term use of NSAIDs can increase the risk of: Respiratory infections Hypoglycemia Gastrointestinal bleeding Neuralgia 20. What is the mechanism that results in Kussmaul respirations? To compensate for metabolic acidosis, the respirations are deep and rapid. Injury to the brain's respiratory center results in periods of apnea. Hypoxemia causes labored, gasping, and irregular respirations. To overcome respiratory acidosis, the respirations are fast and shallow. 21. Describe the significance of the oral glucose tolerance test in the context of acromegaly diagnosis. The oral glucose tolerance test is used to diagnose diabetes, not acromegaly. The oral glucose tolerance test measures how glucose affects growth hormone levels, indicating acromegaly if growth hormone levels do not suppress. The oral glucose tolerance test assesses insulin sensitivity, which is unrelated to acromegaly. The oral glucose tolerance test evaluates blood sugar levels only, not growth hormone. 22. If a patient presents with symptoms of hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS), what immediate treatment should be prioritized? Immediate insulin injection Administration of oral glucose High-protein diet Rehydration with intravenous fluids 23. What is one common diagnostic test used to confirm Cushing's disease? Thyroid function test Blood glucose test Liver function test 24-hour urinary free cortisol test 24. Describe how Hepatitis C is transmitted and the implications of this transmission for public health. Hepatitis C is primarily transmitted through blood-to-blood contact, which raises concerns for public health regarding blood safety and sharing of needles. Hepatitis C can be transmitted through respiratory droplets, similar to the flu. Hepatitis C is transmitted through contaminated food and water. Hepatitis C spreads through casual contact, making it a low-risk disease for public health. 25. Discuss the role of cortisol in the body's stress response. Cortisol enhances the absorption of nutrients in the intestines. Cortisol is responsible for the regulation of calcium levels in the blood. Cortisol helps regulate metabolism and manage stress by increasing blood sugar levels and suppressing the immune system. Cortisol primarily stimulates the production of red blood cells. 26. How does the body get rid of bilirubin? Removed during exhalation Deposit it in the skin for metabolism Excretes in bile Metabolized by cells 27. The primary means of hepatitis B transmission is via: Vectors Sneezing or coughing Fomites Blood or body fluids 28. Which class of medications is commonly associated with damaging the gastric mucosa? Antibiotics Antidepressants Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) Antihistamines 29. Describe how the symptoms of Addison's disease can affect a person's daily life. Symptoms have no impact on daily activities. Symptoms like fatigue and weakness can significantly limit daily activities. Symptoms are temporary and do not require management. Symptoms only affect physical health, not mental health. 30. What virus causes Hepatitis B? Hepatitis C virus (HCV) Hepatitis A virus (HAV) HIV Hepatitis B virus (HBV) 31. Glucocorticoids enable the body to deal appropriately with stress by: Increasing blood glucose Increasing fatty acid and amino acid levels Increasing blood pressure None of the above All of the above 32. Describe the role of ghrelin in appetite regulation and how it affects eating behavior. Ghrelin regulates blood sugar levels and affects energy metabolism. Ghrelin has no significant impact on appetite regulation. Ghrelin stimulates appetite by signaling the brain to induce feelings of hunger. Ghrelin decreases appetite by promoting feelings of fullness. 33. How is congenital adrenal hyperplasia diagnosed? newborn screen of 21-hydroxylase hormonal and genetic evaluation genotyping all of the above 34. In a patient with uncontrolled diabetes leading to diabetic ketoacidosis, which respiratory pattern would you expect to observe and why? Tachypnea Cheyne-Stokes respirations Bradypnea Kussmaul's respirations 35. What is one of the key diagnostic criteria for Type 1 Diabetes? Urine ketones present Hemoglobin A1c of 5.7% or higher Random plasma glucose level of 200 mg/dL or higher Fasting plasma glucose level of 126 mg/dL or higher 36. What is the primary purpose of Counter-Regulatory Hormones in glucose control? The action of these hormones raise blood glucose levels acting as a prevention to hypoglycemia These hormones increase the movement of glucose into the cell These hormones counter act the symptoms associated with hyperglycemia This group of hormones act in concert with insulin to lower serum glucose levels 37. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia is prenatal diagnosed biochemically on the basis of: High levels of 17-OH progesterone Low levels of androgens High level of cortisol Low levels of estrogens 38. A patient is suspected to have acromegaly, what labs should the expect to be ordered to diagnose? insulin like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) complete blood count (CBC) immunoglobulin G (IgG) hemoglobin A1C 39. Describe the importance of adhering to a gluten-free diet for individuals with Celiac Disease. A gluten-free diet is recommended for everyone, not just those with Celiac Disease. Adhering to a gluten-free diet is crucial for individuals with Celiac Disease to prevent intestinal damage and manage symptoms. A gluten-free diet is only beneficial for weight loss. Individuals with Celiac Disease can consume gluten in moderation. 40. Which of the following dietary recommendations are included for a child diagnosed with Celiac Disease? Increased diet of foods containing gluten Decreased intake of foods containing folic acid Decreased iron rich foods Complete avoidance of foods containing gluten 41. The purpose of the oral glucose tolerance test is to: Distinguish type I and type II dibetes Diagnose defects in glycolysis Diagnose prediabetes and diabetes Determine the functioning of the pancreas2 42. What is the primary function of growth hormone (GH) in the body? Promotes digestion Increases heart rate Stimulates growth and cell reproduction Regulates blood sugar levels 43. Describe the impact of hypopituitarism on the body's hormonal balance. Hypopituitarism has no significant impact on hormonal balance. Hypopituitarism causes an overproduction of hormones, leading to hormonal imbalance. Hypopituitarism leads to a deficiency in one or more pituitary hormones, disrupting the hormonal balance and affecting various bodily functions. Hypopituitarism only affects the adrenal glands, not the pituitary gland. 44. A diagnosis of type 1 diabetes is based on: genetic testing. symptoms only. fasting plasma glucose levels and glucose tolerance tests. random serum glucose levels. 45. If a patient has elevated growth hormone levels that do not decrease after an oral glucose tolerance test, what condition might they be diagnosed with? Acromegaly Addison's disease Diabetes mellitus Cushing's syndrome 46. Which hormone is primarily responsible for signaling hunger in the body? Ghrelin Cortisol Leptin Insulin 47. The Oral Glucose Tolerance Test: Is used together with the fasting blood glucose and hemoglobin A1C to diagnose diabetes. Can diagnose diabetes. Is measured at several time points from minutes to hours after ingestion of glucose. 48. If a newborn is diagnosed with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia, what would be the most appropriate initial management strategy? Provide dietary changes to increase mineral intake. Administer glucocorticoids to manage hormone levels. Perform surgery to remove the adrenal glands. Start insulin therapy to control blood sugar levels. 49. Describe the significance of the 24-hour urinary free cortisol test in diagnosing Cushing's disease. The 24-hour urinary free cortisol test measures cortisol levels in urine, indicating excess cortisol production associated with Cushing's disease. It measures liver enzymes to check for liver disease. The test assesses blood glucose levels to evaluate diabetes risk. The test evaluates thyroid hormone levels for thyroid disorders. 50. Describe the diagnostic methods used to identify Primary Hyperaldosteronism. Diagnosis is confirmed through imaging studies only. Diagnosis is based solely on symptoms. Diagnosis requires a biopsy of the adrenal gland. Diagnosis typically involves measuring plasma aldosterone and renin levels. 51. Describe the physiological changes that occur in the body during Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA). During DKA, the body experiences insulin deficiency, leading to increased blood glucose levels and the production of ketones. During DKA, the body converts proteins into glucose, causing a decrease in blood sugar levels. During DKA, the body has excess insulin, resulting in low blood glucose and decreased ketone production. During DKA, the body increases its sensitivity to insulin, leading to lower glucose levels. 52. What must happen to globules of fats in order for them to be digested by the body? the body can easily break down fats within the gut; no assistance required. lipase breaks down the fat before emulsification can occur in the intestines. the hydrophobic nature of fats allows them to be easily digested in the stomach and absorbed immediately upon entry to the intestines. bile salts emulsify the fats to allow them to be broken down. 53. Describe how TSH levels can indicate whether a thyroid disorder is primary or secondary. TSH levels are irrelevant in diagnosing thyroid disorders. TSH levels help determine if the disorder originates from the thyroid gland (primary) or from the pituitary gland (secondary). TSH levels are only measured in patients with diabetes. TSH levels only indicate the severity of the disorder. 54. A patient with signs of acromegaly has an elevated random growth hormone level. The next best test to confirm acromegaly would be to measure growth hormone levels after thetest. Dexamethasone Suppression Oral Glucose Tolerance Androgen Release ACTH Stimulation 55. What is the primary characteristic of hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS)? Increased insulin sensitivity Excessive urination Severe hyperglycemia and dehydration Low blood sugar levels 56. Describe how the underlying causes of Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes differ. Type 1 Diabetes is caused by the immune system attacking insulin-producing cells, while Type 2 Diabetes is associated with insulin resistance and often linked to lifestyle factors. Both types of diabetes are caused by the same genetic factors. Type 1 Diabetes is reversible with diet, while Type 2 Diabetes is not. Type 1 Diabetes occurs due to poor diet, while Type 2 Diabetes is genetic. 57. What is the primary trigger for Celiac Disease? Lactose Casein Gluten Fructose 58. If a patient with diabetes experiences a hypoglycemic episode during exercise, which counter-regulatory hormone would be most critical in restoring normal blood glucose levels? Insulin Epinephrine Cortisol Glucagon 59. Evaluation of short stature should always include Left hand/wrist x-ray for bone age, karyotype (girls), thyroid panel, IGF-1, and other blood labs. Clinical diagnosis with height falling beneath the 50th percentile range for age. Brain MRI and/or CT. X-ray of femur growth plates, family history for acromegaly, oral temperature, blood sugar levels, and other blood tests. 60. One difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes is that with type 2 diabetes: Body tissues become insulin-resistant The pancreas produces too many beta cells. The disease generally begins during childhood. The disease originates in the pancreas 61. Celiac disease is diagnosed by all the following except small bowel biopsy blood tests stool specimen CT scan 62. Describe how Hepatitis A is typically transmitted and the factors that contribute to its spread. Hepatitis A is typically transmitted through the fecal-oral route, often via contaminated food or water, especially in areas with poor sanitation. Hepatitis A can be contracted by sharing personal items like toothbrushes. Hepatitis A is transmitted through respiratory droplets in the air. Hepatitis A spreads primarily through blood transfusions and sexual contact. 63. What is a common symptom of Addison's disease? Rapid weight gain Increased appetite High blood pressure Fatigue 64. Describe the process by which bilirubin is processed and eliminated from the body. Bilirubin is stored in the spleen until it is needed by the body. Bilirubin is processed in the liver, where it is conjugated and then excreted into bile, ultimately eliminated through the intestines. Bilirubin is converted into glucose and used for energy. Bilirubin is filtered by the kidneys and excreted in urine. 65. A patient with a history of peptic ulcers is prescribed an NSAID for pain management. What should the healthcare provider consider? The increased risk of gastrointestinal bleeding due to the patient's history. The need for increased dosage of the NSAID. The likelihood of improved kidney function. The potential for enhanced pain relief without side effects. 66. Describe the role of cortisol and glucagon in the body's stress response. Cortisol and glucagon enhance the immune response to infections. Cortisol and glucagon decrease blood pressure and promote relaxation. Cortisol and glucagon help to increase blood glucose levels and mobilize energy reserves during stress. Cortisol and glucagon stimulate the production of red blood cells. 67. What is one common diagnostic test used to evaluate short stature in children? Growth hormone stimulation test Liver function test Thyroid function test Blood glucose test 68. Describe how Celiac Disease affects the intestinal lining. Celiac Disease results in the overproduction of insulin. Celiac Disease causes an immune reaction that damages the intestinal lining when gluten is consumed. Celiac Disease leads to an increase in intestinal flora diversity. Celiac Disease has no effect on the intestinal lining. 69. Which laboratory tests are commonly used to diagnose malnutrition? Complete blood count Liver function tests Blood glucose levels Serum albumin levels 70. Describe the role of counter-regulatory hormones in maintaining blood glucose levels during fasting. Counter-regulatory hormones only function during exercise, not fasting. Counter-regulatory hormones like glucagon and epinephrine increase blood glucose levels by promoting glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. Counter-regulatory hormones decrease blood glucose levels by enhancing insulin secretion. Counter-regulatory hormones have no effect on blood glucose levels during fasting. 71. What vitamin produced by the intestinal microflora is necessary for the proper synthesis of various proteins, including the clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X. Vitamin A Vitamin K Vitamin D Vitamin B12 72. What is the primary test used to diagnose acromegaly? Insulin tolerance test Thyroid function test Cortisol level test Growth hormone suppression test 73. The most common mode of transmission for hepatitis C infection is: Tattooing Dialysis Sexual contact Injection drug use 74. Describe the physiological effects of hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS) on the body's systems. HHS leads to severe dehydration and electrolyte imbalances, affecting kidney function and potentially causing coma. HHS causes increased insulin production and lowers blood glucose levels. HHS primarily affects the respiratory system, leading to difficulty breathing. HHS results in increased appetite and weight gain. 75. A diagnostic finding in celiac disease is: anti-smooth muscle antibodies a defective chloride transporter deficient lactase enzyme antibodies to tissue transglutaminase (TTG) 76. What is the common side effect associated with the use of NSAIDs? Kidney failure Liver toxicity Respiratory distress Gastrointestinal bleeding 77. Indicate which of the following is associated with the role of the intestinal flora. They assist in the breakdown of fatty foods. They remove minerals and toxins that may affect our bodies. They may cause diseases. They digest undigestible materials and synthesize some essential vitamins. 78. Describe how nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can impact the gastric mucosa. NSAIDs can inhibit the production of protective mucus and increase gastric acid secretion, leading to mucosal damage. NSAIDs have no effect on the gastric mucosa. NSAIDs enhance the healing of the gastric mucosa by increasing blood flow. NSAIDs only affect the intestines, not the stomach. 79. What is the primary cause of Cushing's disease? Chronic stress An adenoma of the pituitary gland Autoimmune disorders Excessive cortisol production from the adrenal glands 80. Bilirubin is removed from the body mainly by: excretion in urine as urobilinogen excretion in stool metabolic breakdown to porphyrins excretion in urine as bilirubin 81. Describe how Hepatitis B can be transmitted and the significance of understanding these transmission routes. Hepatitis B is transmitted through airborne droplets, similar to the flu. Hepatitis B can only be transmitted through sharing utensils and personal items. Hepatitis B is primarily transmitted through contaminated food and water, which is why hygiene is important. Hepatitis B can be transmitted through blood, sexual contact, and from mother to child during childbirth, highlighting the need for preventive measures. 82. In a patient experiencing chronic stress, which counter-regulatory hormone might be persistently elevated, and what potential health implications could arise from this condition? Cortisol; it could lead to conditions such as Cushing's syndrome. Glucagon; it could result in hypoglycemia. Epinephrine; it could enhance immune function. Insulin; it could cause type 1 diabetes. 83. If a patient has a condition that affects bile production, what impact might this have on their ability to digest fats? Their ability to digest fats would be impaired due to reduced emulsification. Their protein digestion would be unaffected. They would digest fats more efficiently than normal. They would not be able to digest carbohydrates at all. 84. Elevated glucose levels in individuals with diabetes mellitus greatly influence fluid balance and hydration because Fluids are accumulated in tissues as blood glucose rises Fluids are lost as the kidneys clear excessive glucose during hyperglycemia Osmotic pressure rises within the cells during hyperglycemia Older individuals have impaired thirst perception 85. Describe the role of leptin in appetite control and how it interacts with the hypothalamus. Leptin directly increases fat storage in adipose tissue. Leptin has no effect on appetite regulation. Leptin signals the hypothalamus to reduce appetite and increase energy expenditure. Leptin increases appetite by stimulating the release of insulin. 86. Describe how growth hormone (GH) affects overall body development. Growth hormone (GH) promotes growth and development of tissues and organs by stimulating cell reproduction and regeneration. Growth hormone (GH) is responsible for the production of insulin in the pancreas. Growth hormone (GH) helps in the absorption of nutrients in the intestines. Growth hormone (GH) primarily regulates metabolism and energy levels. 87. If a patient is diagnosed with hypopituitarism, which of the following treatments would likely be considered to restore hormonal balance? Increased physical activity Hormone replacement therapy Surgical removal of the pituitary gland Antibiotic treatment 88. Describe the importance of diagnostic tests in the assessment of short stature. Diagnostic tests are only necessary if the child is overweight. Diagnostic tests are not useful for diagnosing short stature. Diagnostic tests help identify underlying hormonal or genetic causes of short stature. Diagnostic tests only measure height and weight. 89. Which of the following do you test for to confirm diagnosis of acromegaly? TSH Growth hormone IGF-1 (Somatomedin C) Prolactin 90. Cushing's disease is caused by: hypo secretion of the adrenal glands hyper secretion of the adrenal glands hypo secretion of the pancreas hyper secretion of the pancreas 91. What hormone, indicated by letter B, is released by the anterior pituitary to target the adrenal cortex when we are under stress? atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) angiotensin II 92. Which hormones are produced by the anterior pituitary gland? Insulin, Glucagon, Cortisol, Epinephrine Thyroxine, Triiodothyronine, Calcitonin Growth hormone, Prolactin, Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), Luteinizing hormone (LH), Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Estrogen, Progesterone, Testosterone 93. This hormone is the feedback control for appetite. Progesterone Inhibin Thymosin Leptin 94. What hormone produced by adipose tissue is primarily involved in appetite regulation? Cortisol Leptin Glucagon Insulin 95. Conn syndrome is a: Primary hypoaldosteronism Secondary hypoaldosteronism Secondary hyperaldosteronism Primary hyperaldosteronism 96. A patient presents with symptoms suggestive of Cushing's disease. If the 24-hour urinary free cortisol test results are elevated, what would be the next logical step in the diagnostic process? Perform a complete blood count Initiate insulin therapy Conduct a low-dose dexamethasone suppression test Order a chest X-ray 97. If a community experiences an outbreak of Hepatitis A, what public health measures should be implemented to control its spread? Limit access to healthcare services. Encourage the use of shared utensils. Reduce public awareness campaigns. Increase sanitation and vaccination efforts. 98. Functions of normal gastrointestinal flora include Producing vitamins Digensting dietary molecules Keeping harmful organisms from proliferating All of the above 99. If a patient has a deficiency in vasopressin, what condition might they develop, and what would be the primary symptom? Hypothyroidism; weight loss and increased heart rate. Cushing's syndrome; weight gain and hypertension. Diabetes insipidus; excessive thirst and urination. Addison's disease; fatigue and low blood pressure. 100. What condition is characterized by the underproduction of one or more hormones from the pituitary gland? Addison's disease Cushing's syndrome Hypopituitarism Hyperpituitarism 101. Describe the role of oxytocin and vasopressin in the human body. Oxytocin influences mood, and vasopressin is involved in immune response. Oxytocin regulates metabolism, and vasopressin controls glucose levels. Oxytocin is responsible for stress response, and vasopressin aids in digestion. Oxytocin is involved in childbirth and lactation, while vasopressin regulates water balance and blood pressure. 102. The origin of the pathophysiology in type 1 diabetes is related to: IgE-mediated hypersensitivity, which destroys the endocrine pancreas and impairs release of insulin T-lymphocyte autoimmunity against the endocrine pancreas beta cells B-lymphocyte autoimmunity against the endocrine pancreas beta cells IgA-mediated hypersensitivity, which affects the sensitivity of tissues to insulin 103. Describe how intestinal flora contribute to overall health. Intestinal flora primarily produce hormones that regulate metabolism. Intestinal flora detoxify harmful substances in the liver. Intestinal flora are responsible for the production of red blood cells. Intestinal flora help maintain gut health, support digestion, and enhance the immune system. 104. What is the primary dietary restriction for individuals diagnosed with Celiac Disease? Gluten-free diet High-protein diet Dairy-free diet Low-carb diet 105. What vitamin is made by intestinal flora; used for clotting? vitamin E (tocopherol) vitamin K zinc omega 3 FA 106. A patient taking NSAIDs for chronic pain presents with symptoms of gastric discomfort. What would be the most appropriate initial management step? Advise the patient to take NSAIDs with food only. Evaluate for potential gastric mucosal damage and consider prescribing a proton pump inhibitor. Increase the dosage of NSAIDs to manage pain more effectively. Switch the patient to a different class of pain medication without further evaluation. 107. Describe how poorly controlled diabetes can lead to microvascular complications. Poorly controlled diabetes results in high cholesterol levels, leading to cardiovascular diseases. Poorly controlled diabetes primarily affects the liver, causing fatty liver disease. Poorly controlled diabetes leads to high blood sugar levels, which damage small blood vessels, resulting in complications like retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy. Poorly controlled diabetes causes an increase in insulin production, leading to weight gain and obesity. 108. If a patient has an adrenal gland disorder leading to excessive cortisol production, what condition might they develop, and what symptoms could they exhibit? Diabetes type 1, characterized by insulin deficiency. Cushing's syndrome, which may cause weight gain, high blood pressure, and mood changes. Hypothyroidism, which may cause weight loss and increased heart rate. Addison's disease, which may lead to low blood sugar and fatigue. 109. Describe how the fasting plasma glucose test is used in diagnosing Type 1 Diabetes. The fasting plasma glucose test is used to diagnose hormonal disorders. The fasting plasma glucose test is performed after eating to assess glucose tolerance. The fasting plasma glucose test measures blood sugar levels after an overnight fast, with a level of 126 mg/dL or higher indicating diabetes. The fasting plasma glucose test is used to measure insulin levels in the blood. 110. If a patient presents with hypertension and hypokalemia, what condition should be considered and what initial test would you order? Diabetes type 2; perform a glucose tolerance test. Primary Hyperaldosteronism; measure plasma aldosterone levels. Cushing's syndrome; perform a dexamethasone suppression test. Addison's disease; check cortisol levels. 111. If a patient presents with symptoms of growth deficiency, which anterior pituitary hormone might be implicated, and what would be the potential treatment? Prolactin; treatment may involve dopamine agonists. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH); treatment may involve corticosteroids. Growth hormone; treatment may involve growth hormone therapy. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH); treatment may involve thyroid hormone replacement. 112. What is the purpose of a random blood glucose test? To evaluate the presence of diabetes antibodies. To determine the average blood glucose over the past three months. To assess insulin production in the pancreas. To measure the blood sugar level at any time of the day. 113. Hepatitis C accounts for nearly half the known causes of hepatitis. How is hepatitis C transmitted? Coming in contact with infected saliva Having sexual intercouse with an infected person Coming in contact with infected blood Eating infected food 114. Hepatitis A is transmitted by: sexual contact saliva contaminated blood fecal-oral route 115. The adrenal gland produces hormones Protein Peptide Steroid 116. How are diabetes types I and II similar? Both result from lack of insulin production in the body. Both are caused primarily by obesity. Both are associated with destruction of cells in the pancreas. Both can lead to high blood glucose levels that can damage cells. Both are characterized by poor cellular response to insulin signaling. 117. Describe the significance of the Fasting Plasma Glucose test in diagnosing diabetes. The Fasting Plasma Glucose test is significant because it helps determine if a person has diabetes by measuring blood glucose levels after fasting. The Fasting Plasma Glucose test is used to assess liver function and enzyme levels. The Fasting Plasma Glucose test is primarily used to evaluate cholesterol levels. The Fasting Plasma Glucose test measures insulin resistance in the body. 118. If a patient is diagnosed with Cushing's disease due to a pituitary adenoma, what treatment option might be considered? Dietary changes to reduce cortisol levels Radiation therapy to the adrenal glands Surgical removal of the adenoma Increased cortisol medication 119. What does the Random Blood Glucose test measure? The level of glucose in the blood at any time. Average blood glucose levels over the past 2-3 months. The level of glucose before and after giving a known amount of glucose. The level of glucose in the blood after fasting for at least 8 hours. 120. Which of the following would be considered a microvascular complication of untreated or poorly managed diabetes? Retinopathy Coronary artery disease Peripheral vascular disease Bronchoconstriction 121. Describe how Cushing's syndrome affects the body's hormonal balance and what symptoms may arise from this imbalance. Cushing's syndrome is caused by low cortisol levels, resulting in fatigue and weight loss. Cushing's syndrome has no effect on hormonal balance and does not cause any symptoms. Cushing's syndrome results from excess cortisol, leading to symptoms like weight gain and hypertension due to hormonal imbalance. Cushing's syndrome is primarily a digestive disorder with symptoms related to the gastrointestinal tract. 122. Type 1 and type 2 diabetes have in common: Death of pancreatic beta cells High blood glucose An association with obesity High blood insulin 123. Growth Hormone (GH) mainly functions to: Stimulate body growth and increase muscle mass Regulate the sleep cycle Decrease bone density Increase blood sugar levels 124. A nurse is educating a patient with celiac disease about managing their condition. Which dietary recommendation is most important to prevent the inflammation and malabsorption associated with the disease? High-fiber diet Low-sodium diet Low-fat diet Lactose-free diet Gluten-free diet 125. If a community experiences an outbreak of Hepatitis A, what preventive measures should be implemented to reduce transmission? Improving sanitation and promoting vaccination Implementing quarantine for infected individuals Increasing the use of antibiotics Encouraging blood donations 126. DKA occurs most directly as a result of leading to increased lipolysis and formation of ketone bodies Insulin resistance with a mild decrease in insulin Hyperglycemia Profound insulin deficiency Increased stress hormones 127. What are the primary counter-regulatory hormones involved in blood glucose regulation? Somatostatin and leptin Thyroid hormones and growth hormone Glucagon and epinephrine Insulin and cortisol 128. Describe the role of bile in the digestion of fats. Bile neutralizes stomach acid before it enters the small intestine. Bile converts fats into glucose for energy. Bile emulsifies fats, making them easier for enzymes to break down. Bile absorbs fats directly into the bloodstream. 129. Growth hormone (GH): Plays an important role in determining body size; has major effects on the growth of muscle and long bones of the body. Influences the growth and activity of the thyroid gland. Regulates gamete production and hormonal activity of the gonads (ovaries and testes). Regulates the endocrine activity of the cortex (outer portion) of the adrenal gland. 130. What are the common microvascular complications associated with diabetes? Cardiomyopathy and stroke Hypertension and hyperlipidemia Retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy Gastroesophageal reflux disease 131. The two hormones released by the posterior pituitary are antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin growth hormone and LH prolactin and growth hormone prolactin and oxytocin LH and testosterone 132. Which of the following is a common method of transmitting Hepatitis B? Sexual contact Contaminated food Insect bites Airborne droplets 133. If a patient has a deficiency in Vitamin K, which aspect of their health might be directly impacted, and what role do intestinal flora play in this context? Bone density; intestinal flora absorb calcium. Blood clotting; intestinal flora produce Vitamin K which is essential for this process. Insulin production; intestinal flora regulate glucose levels. Immune response; intestinal flora synthesize antibodies. 134. What is a function of gut flora: vitamin K synthesis bile salt breakdown toxic metabolite breakdown a source of nutrition for the gut all of the above 135. What type of virus causes Hepatitis A? Hepatitis C virus (HCV) Hepatitis A virus (HAV) Hepatitis B virus (HBV) HIV 136. Describe how an adenoma of the pituitary gland leads to Cushing's disease. Chronic stress causes the pituitary gland to produce less ACTH, resulting in Cushing's disease. An adenoma of the pituitary gland secretes excess adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which stimulates cortisol production. An adenoma of the pituitary gland directly produces cortisol, leading to Cushing's disease. Cushing's disease is caused by a lack of ACTH production from the adrenal glands. 137. Describe the role of Kussmaul's respirations in the context of acid-base balance in the body. Kussmaul's respirations indicate an increase in oxygen levels in the blood. Kussmaul's respirations help to increase the exhalation of carbon dioxide, thereby reducing acidity in the blood during metabolic acidosis. Kussmaul's respirations are a normal breathing pattern that occurs during sleep. Kussmaul's respirations are a sign of respiratory failure and indicate the need for immediate intervention. 138. If a patient with type 1 diabetes presents with symptoms of nausea, abdominal pain, and confusion, what condition should be suspected and why? Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar State (HHS) due to dehydration. Chronic Kidney Disease due to long-term diabetes complications. Hypoglycemia due to excessive insulin administration. Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) due to insulin deficiency and high ketone levels. 139. A patient with metabolic acidosis is showing signs of Kussmaul respirations. The nurse understands this is a compensatory mechanism to: Reduce bicarbonate levels. Increase oxygen saturation. Stabilize heart rate. Decrease CO2 levels in the blood. Elevate blood pH. 140. How is Hepatitis C transmitted? Fecal-Oral Birth Contaminated blood Unprotected intercourse 141. Which of the following is a common mode of transmission for Hepatitis A? Blood transfusion Consumption of contaminated food or water Inhalation of airborne particles Sexual contact 142. Describe the role of intestinal flora in the synthesis of Vitamin K and its importance for human health. Intestinal flora are responsible for synthesizing hormones that regulate metabolism. Intestinal flora synthesize Vitamin K, which is essential for blood clotting and bone health. Intestinal flora break down carbohydrates, providing energy for the body. Intestinal flora produce Vitamin D, which helps in calcium absorption. 143. Which body fluids are primarily involved in the transmission of Hepatitis C? Urine Saliva Sweat Blood 144. If a patient has a random blood glucose level of 200 mg/dL, what would be the next appropriate step in their diabetes management? Refer the patient for an MRI scan. Conduct a fasting blood glucose test or an HbA1c test for confirmation. Schedule a follow-up appointment in one year. Immediately start insulin therapy. 145. Describe the significance of serum albumin levels in the context of diagnosing malnutrition. Serum albumin levels indicate protein status and can reflect nutritional deficiencies. Serum albumin levels assess liver function. Serum albumin levels are used to evaluate kidney health. Serum albumin levels measure blood sugar levels. 146. Main clinical presentation of Cushing's syndrome menorrhagia in females, lethargy thickening of skin and bones lower obesity, decreased bp, blood glucose, cholesterol central obesity-facial rounding, elevated bp, blood glucose, cholesterol 147. What vitamin is primarily synthesized by intestinal flora? Vitamin K Vitamin A Vitamin D Vitamin C