What is a non-directional hypothesis?
States the relationship exists, but not the direction
What is an experiment?
a set of controlled observations that test the hypothesis
When do you use a directional hypothesis?
Past research suggests a particular outcome
When do you use a non-directional hypothesis?
Little-no prior research
Contradictory research in past
What is a variable?
any factor in an experiment that can be changed or tested.
What are the two levels of IV?
Experimental condition
Control condition (baseline)
Operationalise variables
clearly defining variables in terms of how they are measured
https://quizlet.com/gb/526632221/flash-cards/?funnelUUID=32156122-4a84-43a2-bd78-79b29bbbf873 03/03/2026, 8 25 pm
Page 2 of 46
:
, Extreneous Variables
nuisance variable that des not vary systematically with IV, ther aspects
experimental setting that may have an influence on the dependent variable.
What are the 4 types of Extreneous Variables?
Situational variable
Participant variable
Demand characteristics
Investigator effects
Confounding variable
change systematically with the IV, so we cant be sure if any DV change is
caused by Cv or the IV
Situational variables
external (to individual) influences on behavior
Participant variables
Individual differences in the characteristics of participants that, if not
controlled, can impact the results of the experiment.
https://quizlet.com/gb/526632221/flash-cards/?funnelUUID=32156122-4a84-43a2-bd78-79b29bbbf873 03/03/2026, 8 25 pm
Page 3 of 46
:
, Demand Characteristic
refers to any cue from researcher/research situion that may reveal the aim of
study
Investigator effects
Any effect of the investigators behaviour on the research outcome
What must a hypothesis include?
IV
DV
Name two ways you can control EV
Randomisation
Standardisation
Randomisation
The use of chance in order to control for the effects of bias on invesigation
Standardization
Using exactly the same formalised procedures for all participants
https://quizlet.com/gb/526632221/flash-cards/?funnelUUID=32156122-4a84-43a2-bd78-79b29bbbf873 03/03/2026, 8 25 pm
Page 4 of 46
:
, Control group
In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment;serves as a
comparison
Experimental design
Independent groups
Repeated measures
Matched pairs
Single blind study
participants don't know the aims of the study, reducing demand characteristics
double-blind study
both participants and researchers don't know the aims, reducing investigator
effect and demand characteristics
Explain 'independent groups design'
One group for each condition
https://quizlet.com/gb/526632221/flash-cards/?funnelUUID=32156122-4a84-43a2-bd78-79b29bbbf873 03/03/2026, 8 25 pm
Page 5 of 46
:
States the relationship exists, but not the direction
What is an experiment?
a set of controlled observations that test the hypothesis
When do you use a directional hypothesis?
Past research suggests a particular outcome
When do you use a non-directional hypothesis?
Little-no prior research
Contradictory research in past
What is a variable?
any factor in an experiment that can be changed or tested.
What are the two levels of IV?
Experimental condition
Control condition (baseline)
Operationalise variables
clearly defining variables in terms of how they are measured
https://quizlet.com/gb/526632221/flash-cards/?funnelUUID=32156122-4a84-43a2-bd78-79b29bbbf873 03/03/2026, 8 25 pm
Page 2 of 46
:
, Extreneous Variables
nuisance variable that des not vary systematically with IV, ther aspects
experimental setting that may have an influence on the dependent variable.
What are the 4 types of Extreneous Variables?
Situational variable
Participant variable
Demand characteristics
Investigator effects
Confounding variable
change systematically with the IV, so we cant be sure if any DV change is
caused by Cv or the IV
Situational variables
external (to individual) influences on behavior
Participant variables
Individual differences in the characteristics of participants that, if not
controlled, can impact the results of the experiment.
https://quizlet.com/gb/526632221/flash-cards/?funnelUUID=32156122-4a84-43a2-bd78-79b29bbbf873 03/03/2026, 8 25 pm
Page 3 of 46
:
, Demand Characteristic
refers to any cue from researcher/research situion that may reveal the aim of
study
Investigator effects
Any effect of the investigators behaviour on the research outcome
What must a hypothesis include?
IV
DV
Name two ways you can control EV
Randomisation
Standardisation
Randomisation
The use of chance in order to control for the effects of bias on invesigation
Standardization
Using exactly the same formalised procedures for all participants
https://quizlet.com/gb/526632221/flash-cards/?funnelUUID=32156122-4a84-43a2-bd78-79b29bbbf873 03/03/2026, 8 25 pm
Page 4 of 46
:
, Control group
In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment;serves as a
comparison
Experimental design
Independent groups
Repeated measures
Matched pairs
Single blind study
participants don't know the aims of the study, reducing demand characteristics
double-blind study
both participants and researchers don't know the aims, reducing investigator
effect and demand characteristics
Explain 'independent groups design'
One group for each condition
https://quizlet.com/gb/526632221/flash-cards/?funnelUUID=32156122-4a84-43a2-bd78-79b29bbbf873 03/03/2026, 8 25 pm
Page 5 of 46
:
