Notes
Monday 14 April 2025 15:30
3.3.1 3 3.3.4 3 3.4 3.4.5
Cloud Storage
Shifts 3.4.1 Buses Collection of wires
Decimal Base 10 Cloud storage uses magnetic and/or solid state
Hardware Physical component through which
storage at remote locations
Binary Base 2 Left Shift MULTIPLY by 2^n Software Program data/signals are
transmitted from one
Hexadecimal Base 16 Right Shift DIVIDE by 2^n
component to another ADV DisAdv
3.4.2
3.3.5 Access from more Increased security risks
Why use Hexadecimal? Von Neumann
Boolean Logic places
- Hexadecimal is easier for people to read than binary ASCII (7 bit) Share data with Relies on access to a high
- Hexadecimal takes less time to type then binary Unicode 3.4.4 ALU Performs Calculations others easier bandwidth network
CU - Decodes instructions Increased amount of Reliance on company
ASCII and Unicode are the same for the first 127 characters System - Controls the computer iOS - Coordinates the execution of instructions storage providing the cloud service
3.3.2 Software - Enables the computer to - Sends signals to other components
Unicode is BETTER than ASCII because: Coordinates the I/O Devices Cheaper cost then a Increased change of others
function -
Maximum values secondary storage accessing personal data
- Manages the computer Clock - Sends regular electrical pulses
- It can represent a wider range of characters hardware
- It can represent characters from a wider range of languages - Synchronises components
Binary 255 Embedded Systems Vs Non-embedded systems
Application User end tasks Word - Influences the number of instructions carried out each
- It can represent characters used in scientific
Binary 1111 1111 Software second
Embedded Systems Non-embedded systems
Hexadecimal FF Register - Holds data used when executing an instruction
3.3.6 - Hold the result of executing an instruction A specific purpose General purpose
Functions of a operating system
3.3.3 Smaller amounts of Higher amounts of
Pixel Short for pixel element - Processors Performance memory memory
It is a single point in a image - Memory management Less processing power High processing power
Bit 0/1 b I/O device management
Smallest part - Clock Speed - The more pulses a second the more fetch-execute
Byte 8 bits B A single dot - Applications management Built into a specific Not built into a specific
cycles device device
Kilo 1kB = 1,000 B kB - Security management
- The more pulses per second the more instructions
- File management likely to be carried out Higher proportion of Lower proportion of
Mega 1MB = 1,000 kB MB Bitmap File size (bits) image resolution * colour depth - width * height * colour depth Network management
- ROM ROM
Giga 1GB = 1,000 MB GB Number of - Affects the number of instructions that may be
3.3.7 Processor Cores executed simultaneously
Tera 1TB = 1,000 GB TB - Each core can fetch and preform a task more cores 3.5
3.4.4
more task done simultaneously
Sample A measure of amplitude at a point in time Computer Network
Cache Size - Instructions take less time to transfer
3.3.8 Sample resolution Bits per sample High It has syntax, it is E.g. Python
- The more cache the more data
Level similar to English. A collection of computers joined together
File Size (bits) Sample rate (Hz) * sample resolution * length (seconds) - More cache the faster the CPU can access
Why data should be compressed It must be either
frequently used data
COMPILED or
- To reduce file size Sound must be concerted to a digital format before it is stores because: INTERPRETED before
Fetch-Decode-Execute cycle TCP/IP
- To make it faster to transmit it can run
- Saves money if you use less bandwidth - Computer systems use binary
Low It is can directly E.g. Assembly
- To use less memory - Sound is analogue Fetch The next instruction is fetched to the CPU from the main The web browser they are in is operating on the
manipulate computer Language
- Computers use digital date memory application layer
registers. It does not
need to be translated It passes the request to the transport layer
Disadvantage of a high sample resolution Decode The instruction is decoded to work out what it is
assembler but must Here it is split into packets and labelled with the
Execute The instruction is executed
be to machine code packet number and total number of packets
- Larger file size so it takes up more storage
- Sound files will take longer to download Machine Code The packets are passed to the internet layer
Memory
- Use more memory
The senders and receivers IP addresses are added
Differences
RAM Working memory for programs Volatile - all the data is The packets are passed to the link layer
lost when the power is
When they are received at the destination the
HLL LLL off
MAC addresses are removed and they are passed
Higher level of More efficient ROM Used for the computer's start-up Non-volatile to the Internet Layer
abstraction instruction and in embedded
The IP addresses are removed and the packets
Is English like Less memory systems
passed to the transport layer
May require a compiler Directly access Register See above See above
The packets are re-ordered and any missing
to translate the code hardware Cache See above See above packets re-requested
components
The data is passed to the application layer
Require a interpreter to HDDS Vs SSDS meaning the file server requesting the file that was
run clicked on
Compiler - Translate the whole program in HDDs are cheaper SSD are faster
one go Both are high capacity but HDDs are SSDs don't need defragmenting
- Produces a list of errors after higher
translation
HDDs have a longer read/write life SSDs are more shock-proof
- Does not execute the
than SSDs
programming code
HHDs make some noise, SSDs are
Interpreter - Translates one line at a time
silent
- Requires a source code to be
present
- Stops execution at a error Main Memory
- Executes the programming code
as it is being translated - Stores instructions whilst a program is being executed
Assembler Translate assembly language into - Stores data whilst a program is being executed
machine code - Each unique memory location in memory hold one value
- Every memory location has a unique address
- Once data has been stored in memory it can be found again later
Secondary Storage
Storing data, when computer is turned off for a long time
Slowest Fastest
Optical Disk Magnetic Tape HDD SSD
Cheapest Expensive
Magnetic Tape Optical Disk HDD SSD
Lowest Capacity Highest Capacity
Optical Disk SSD HDD Magnetic Tape
Monday 14 April 2025 15:30
3.3.1 3 3.3.4 3 3.4 3.4.5
Cloud Storage
Shifts 3.4.1 Buses Collection of wires
Decimal Base 10 Cloud storage uses magnetic and/or solid state
Hardware Physical component through which
storage at remote locations
Binary Base 2 Left Shift MULTIPLY by 2^n Software Program data/signals are
transmitted from one
Hexadecimal Base 16 Right Shift DIVIDE by 2^n
component to another ADV DisAdv
3.4.2
3.3.5 Access from more Increased security risks
Why use Hexadecimal? Von Neumann
Boolean Logic places
- Hexadecimal is easier for people to read than binary ASCII (7 bit) Share data with Relies on access to a high
- Hexadecimal takes less time to type then binary Unicode 3.4.4 ALU Performs Calculations others easier bandwidth network
CU - Decodes instructions Increased amount of Reliance on company
ASCII and Unicode are the same for the first 127 characters System - Controls the computer iOS - Coordinates the execution of instructions storage providing the cloud service
3.3.2 Software - Enables the computer to - Sends signals to other components
Unicode is BETTER than ASCII because: Coordinates the I/O Devices Cheaper cost then a Increased change of others
function -
Maximum values secondary storage accessing personal data
- Manages the computer Clock - Sends regular electrical pulses
- It can represent a wider range of characters hardware
- It can represent characters from a wider range of languages - Synchronises components
Binary 255 Embedded Systems Vs Non-embedded systems
Application User end tasks Word - Influences the number of instructions carried out each
- It can represent characters used in scientific
Binary 1111 1111 Software second
Embedded Systems Non-embedded systems
Hexadecimal FF Register - Holds data used when executing an instruction
3.3.6 - Hold the result of executing an instruction A specific purpose General purpose
Functions of a operating system
3.3.3 Smaller amounts of Higher amounts of
Pixel Short for pixel element - Processors Performance memory memory
It is a single point in a image - Memory management Less processing power High processing power
Bit 0/1 b I/O device management
Smallest part - Clock Speed - The more pulses a second the more fetch-execute
Byte 8 bits B A single dot - Applications management Built into a specific Not built into a specific
cycles device device
Kilo 1kB = 1,000 B kB - Security management
- The more pulses per second the more instructions
- File management likely to be carried out Higher proportion of Lower proportion of
Mega 1MB = 1,000 kB MB Bitmap File size (bits) image resolution * colour depth - width * height * colour depth Network management
- ROM ROM
Giga 1GB = 1,000 MB GB Number of - Affects the number of instructions that may be
3.3.7 Processor Cores executed simultaneously
Tera 1TB = 1,000 GB TB - Each core can fetch and preform a task more cores 3.5
3.4.4
more task done simultaneously
Sample A measure of amplitude at a point in time Computer Network
Cache Size - Instructions take less time to transfer
3.3.8 Sample resolution Bits per sample High It has syntax, it is E.g. Python
- The more cache the more data
Level similar to English. A collection of computers joined together
File Size (bits) Sample rate (Hz) * sample resolution * length (seconds) - More cache the faster the CPU can access
Why data should be compressed It must be either
frequently used data
COMPILED or
- To reduce file size Sound must be concerted to a digital format before it is stores because: INTERPRETED before
Fetch-Decode-Execute cycle TCP/IP
- To make it faster to transmit it can run
- Saves money if you use less bandwidth - Computer systems use binary
Low It is can directly E.g. Assembly
- To use less memory - Sound is analogue Fetch The next instruction is fetched to the CPU from the main The web browser they are in is operating on the
manipulate computer Language
- Computers use digital date memory application layer
registers. It does not
need to be translated It passes the request to the transport layer
Disadvantage of a high sample resolution Decode The instruction is decoded to work out what it is
assembler but must Here it is split into packets and labelled with the
Execute The instruction is executed
be to machine code packet number and total number of packets
- Larger file size so it takes up more storage
- Sound files will take longer to download Machine Code The packets are passed to the internet layer
Memory
- Use more memory
The senders and receivers IP addresses are added
Differences
RAM Working memory for programs Volatile - all the data is The packets are passed to the link layer
lost when the power is
When they are received at the destination the
HLL LLL off
MAC addresses are removed and they are passed
Higher level of More efficient ROM Used for the computer's start-up Non-volatile to the Internet Layer
abstraction instruction and in embedded
The IP addresses are removed and the packets
Is English like Less memory systems
passed to the transport layer
May require a compiler Directly access Register See above See above
The packets are re-ordered and any missing
to translate the code hardware Cache See above See above packets re-requested
components
The data is passed to the application layer
Require a interpreter to HDDS Vs SSDS meaning the file server requesting the file that was
run clicked on
Compiler - Translate the whole program in HDDs are cheaper SSD are faster
one go Both are high capacity but HDDs are SSDs don't need defragmenting
- Produces a list of errors after higher
translation
HDDs have a longer read/write life SSDs are more shock-proof
- Does not execute the
than SSDs
programming code
HHDs make some noise, SSDs are
Interpreter - Translates one line at a time
silent
- Requires a source code to be
present
- Stops execution at a error Main Memory
- Executes the programming code
as it is being translated - Stores instructions whilst a program is being executed
Assembler Translate assembly language into - Stores data whilst a program is being executed
machine code - Each unique memory location in memory hold one value
- Every memory location has a unique address
- Once data has been stored in memory it can be found again later
Secondary Storage
Storing data, when computer is turned off for a long time
Slowest Fastest
Optical Disk Magnetic Tape HDD SSD
Cheapest Expensive
Magnetic Tape Optical Disk HDD SSD
Lowest Capacity Highest Capacity
Optical Disk SSD HDD Magnetic Tape
