1
AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES
Prelim Exam
Paper 2
GRADE 12
2025
Previous examination papers were used to compile
these notes. DBE/November 2020, DBE/November
2022, SACAI SEP 2022, SACAI SEP 2021 & SACAI SEP 2020. (EC/September 2022) & (EC/September
2023)
These are just suggested answers from the memorandums. Some information is repeated; I want
to show you the different ways in which the same information is asked. For more Juffrou Ansie
products email,
I encourage you to do the calculation/illustration questions. IMAGES- CANVA
Good luck. Juffrou Ansie
CONTENTS
AGRICULTURAL MANAGEMENT AND MARKETING 4
PRODUCTION FACTORS 20
Capital 20
Management 23
Labour 25
Ground 28
Budget 30
BASIC AGRICULTURAL GENETICS 34
Monohybrid cross 34
Dihybrid cross 38
Family tree diagram 39
Variation 40
Selection 44
@ Juffrou_Ansie
, 2
Breeding systems 45
Polygenic inheritance 48
Genetic modification 49
Sex chromosomes and the determination 51
Heredity 52
Atavism 53
___________________________________________________________________________
Short questions:
Biometrics Biometrics is the study of measurable biological characteristics via
computer technology.
Economy Study the way forces of supply and demand work to control the
distribution of resources and wealth
Skilled labour Workers who have been trained in a specific skill and have completed a
degree or diploma course.
Permanent workers Those who work the normal set hours as farm labourers, namely 48 hours
per week.
DNA Occurs in the nucleus and provides genetic instructions for the
functioning of cells.
Cash flow The farm's financial planning aspect that ensures that the money needed
to maintain production is available at all times.
Storage/cold rooms Storage/cold rooms of perishable agricultural products are best achieved
through a controlled environment
Recessive gene The weaker alleles can only express the hereditary characteristics in the
offspring if they are inherited from both parents.
Production planning The way in which a company carries out this function of “demand
and development creation” and “sales promotion” largely determines their marketing
success and profit.
Translocation Translocation is the movement of genetic material from one chromosome
to another.
Atavism Atavism refers to the reappearance of a trait after it has been seemingly
absent for a number of generations.
Market equilibrium Market equilibrium indicates the condition where the quantity of a
product that consumers demand is exactly equal to the quantity that
producers want to sell.
Market The place or physical location where the exchange transaction usually
takes place.
Market risks The change in value of the product during marketing.
Pricing The formation of prices of goods and services in the market through the
spontaneous operation of price-forming factors.
@ Juffrou_Ansie
, 3
Economy Study the way forces of supply and demand work to control the
distribution of resources and wealth.
Market The place or physical location where the exchange transaction usually
takes place
Genetics/ It deals with the transmission of characteristics and the properties of
Inheritance genetic material such as chromosomes and genes.
Income statement This is a summary of the income and expenses of the farm in a given
period such as a production year, financial year or tax year.
Processing/Value Involves changing a product from its original form to a form that is easier
addition for the consumer to use.
Fixed capital Fixed capital is the capital required for investment in assets and is
therefore long-term in nature.
Multi-segmented Multi-segment marketing allows you to select a few segments and
marketing develop a marketing strategy to suit them all.
Hybrid A large increase in the growth and productivity of the offspring resulting
Vitality/Family Tree from the crossing of genetically different parents is known as hybrid
vigour/pedigree.
Industrial Industrial competition arises when agriculture places high physical
competition demands on the worker's endurance and relatively low wages
Incomplete With incomplete dominance, the offspring have a mixture of traits from
dominance the two parents' phenotypes.
Inheritance The ability of animals to pass on their characteristics to their offspring
Land bank loan/ A capital loan that a farmer must take out to buy land
Commercial bank
loan
The phenotype of an The phenotype of an animal can be described as the sum of
animal environmental variation and genetic variation.
Meiosis Cell division during which gametes are formed.
Diversification More production branches are being included in the farming industry to
improve sales and seasonal volumes.
Heterozygous An individual with two different alleles of the same gene.
Gametes The specialized sex cells that fuse during fertilization.
Budget A written document that describes future activity regarding income and
expenses based on projections and historical data
Standardization The provision of standard specifications that will provide uniformity to a
group of products with regard to factors such as quality, size, mass,
colour and moisture.
Complete When one gene completely overshadows the effect of another gene in
dominance terms of heredity factor
Malnutrition Malnutrition is when animals grow slowly, and reproduction is impaired.
@ Juffrou_Ansie
, 4
Net farm income Net farm income is the total gross margin minus the general farm
expenses.
The breeding value The breeding value refers to the total of the gene effects of a breeding
animal, as measured by the performance of its offspring.
Labour productivity Labour productivity is a measure used by farm managers to refer to the
outputs of the workforce.
Labour is the human, physical and mental effort used to create goods and
services
Oh Represents a heterozygous genotype in sheep
DNA Occurs in the nucleus and provides genetic instructions for the
functioning of cells
Planning The management action through which short- and long-term strategies for
a farming enterprise are developed
Private property In a private property system, the farmer owns a piece of land with his/her
system name on the title deed.
Net worth Net worth is the difference between the value of your assets and the value
of your liabilities.
Niche marketing Niche marketing is an exclusive marketing. This is when a specific high
quality product is purchased at a high product price. This market is
looking for a specific quality product and the quality is significantly higher
than the average market product. Therefore, significantly higher prices are
paid for the specific products
The main purpose of It provides a summary of the financial position of the farm at a specific
a balance sheet point in time/date or time.
AGRICULTURAL MANAGEMENT AND
MARKETING
Three farmers use different marketing approaches as explained below. (EC/SEPTEMBER 2023)
FARMER A FARMER B FARMER C
Aims to advertise to the widest Has a unique product. Decide to provide separate
possible customer base up to Promote and sell the product offerings to each different
and including the entire to a specialized segment of a market segment it targets.
market available. market.
Identification of the marketing approaches used by FARMERS A, B and C.
A – Mass marketing
@ Juffrou_Ansie
AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES
Prelim Exam
Paper 2
GRADE 12
2025
Previous examination papers were used to compile
these notes. DBE/November 2020, DBE/November
2022, SACAI SEP 2022, SACAI SEP 2021 & SACAI SEP 2020. (EC/September 2022) & (EC/September
2023)
These are just suggested answers from the memorandums. Some information is repeated; I want
to show you the different ways in which the same information is asked. For more Juffrou Ansie
products email,
I encourage you to do the calculation/illustration questions. IMAGES- CANVA
Good luck. Juffrou Ansie
CONTENTS
AGRICULTURAL MANAGEMENT AND MARKETING 4
PRODUCTION FACTORS 20
Capital 20
Management 23
Labour 25
Ground 28
Budget 30
BASIC AGRICULTURAL GENETICS 34
Monohybrid cross 34
Dihybrid cross 38
Family tree diagram 39
Variation 40
Selection 44
@ Juffrou_Ansie
, 2
Breeding systems 45
Polygenic inheritance 48
Genetic modification 49
Sex chromosomes and the determination 51
Heredity 52
Atavism 53
___________________________________________________________________________
Short questions:
Biometrics Biometrics is the study of measurable biological characteristics via
computer technology.
Economy Study the way forces of supply and demand work to control the
distribution of resources and wealth
Skilled labour Workers who have been trained in a specific skill and have completed a
degree or diploma course.
Permanent workers Those who work the normal set hours as farm labourers, namely 48 hours
per week.
DNA Occurs in the nucleus and provides genetic instructions for the
functioning of cells.
Cash flow The farm's financial planning aspect that ensures that the money needed
to maintain production is available at all times.
Storage/cold rooms Storage/cold rooms of perishable agricultural products are best achieved
through a controlled environment
Recessive gene The weaker alleles can only express the hereditary characteristics in the
offspring if they are inherited from both parents.
Production planning The way in which a company carries out this function of “demand
and development creation” and “sales promotion” largely determines their marketing
success and profit.
Translocation Translocation is the movement of genetic material from one chromosome
to another.
Atavism Atavism refers to the reappearance of a trait after it has been seemingly
absent for a number of generations.
Market equilibrium Market equilibrium indicates the condition where the quantity of a
product that consumers demand is exactly equal to the quantity that
producers want to sell.
Market The place or physical location where the exchange transaction usually
takes place.
Market risks The change in value of the product during marketing.
Pricing The formation of prices of goods and services in the market through the
spontaneous operation of price-forming factors.
@ Juffrou_Ansie
, 3
Economy Study the way forces of supply and demand work to control the
distribution of resources and wealth.
Market The place or physical location where the exchange transaction usually
takes place
Genetics/ It deals with the transmission of characteristics and the properties of
Inheritance genetic material such as chromosomes and genes.
Income statement This is a summary of the income and expenses of the farm in a given
period such as a production year, financial year or tax year.
Processing/Value Involves changing a product from its original form to a form that is easier
addition for the consumer to use.
Fixed capital Fixed capital is the capital required for investment in assets and is
therefore long-term in nature.
Multi-segmented Multi-segment marketing allows you to select a few segments and
marketing develop a marketing strategy to suit them all.
Hybrid A large increase in the growth and productivity of the offspring resulting
Vitality/Family Tree from the crossing of genetically different parents is known as hybrid
vigour/pedigree.
Industrial Industrial competition arises when agriculture places high physical
competition demands on the worker's endurance and relatively low wages
Incomplete With incomplete dominance, the offspring have a mixture of traits from
dominance the two parents' phenotypes.
Inheritance The ability of animals to pass on their characteristics to their offspring
Land bank loan/ A capital loan that a farmer must take out to buy land
Commercial bank
loan
The phenotype of an The phenotype of an animal can be described as the sum of
animal environmental variation and genetic variation.
Meiosis Cell division during which gametes are formed.
Diversification More production branches are being included in the farming industry to
improve sales and seasonal volumes.
Heterozygous An individual with two different alleles of the same gene.
Gametes The specialized sex cells that fuse during fertilization.
Budget A written document that describes future activity regarding income and
expenses based on projections and historical data
Standardization The provision of standard specifications that will provide uniformity to a
group of products with regard to factors such as quality, size, mass,
colour and moisture.
Complete When one gene completely overshadows the effect of another gene in
dominance terms of heredity factor
Malnutrition Malnutrition is when animals grow slowly, and reproduction is impaired.
@ Juffrou_Ansie
, 4
Net farm income Net farm income is the total gross margin minus the general farm
expenses.
The breeding value The breeding value refers to the total of the gene effects of a breeding
animal, as measured by the performance of its offspring.
Labour productivity Labour productivity is a measure used by farm managers to refer to the
outputs of the workforce.
Labour is the human, physical and mental effort used to create goods and
services
Oh Represents a heterozygous genotype in sheep
DNA Occurs in the nucleus and provides genetic instructions for the
functioning of cells
Planning The management action through which short- and long-term strategies for
a farming enterprise are developed
Private property In a private property system, the farmer owns a piece of land with his/her
system name on the title deed.
Net worth Net worth is the difference between the value of your assets and the value
of your liabilities.
Niche marketing Niche marketing is an exclusive marketing. This is when a specific high
quality product is purchased at a high product price. This market is
looking for a specific quality product and the quality is significantly higher
than the average market product. Therefore, significantly higher prices are
paid for the specific products
The main purpose of It provides a summary of the financial position of the farm at a specific
a balance sheet point in time/date or time.
AGRICULTURAL MANAGEMENT AND
MARKETING
Three farmers use different marketing approaches as explained below. (EC/SEPTEMBER 2023)
FARMER A FARMER B FARMER C
Aims to advertise to the widest Has a unique product. Decide to provide separate
possible customer base up to Promote and sell the product offerings to each different
and including the entire to a specialized segment of a market segment it targets.
market available. market.
Identification of the marketing approaches used by FARMERS A, B and C.
A – Mass marketing
@ Juffrou_Ansie
