ANTHRO 2B FINAL STUDY GUIDE

ANTHRO 2B FINAL STUDY GUIDE

Macro-Evolutionoo-ooans--
evolutionooonooaoolargeooscale,oothisooleadsootoootheooformationooofoonewoospecies

Micro-Evolutionoo-ooans--
Smallooadaptiveoochangesoowithinooaoospecies'oogeneoopool;oogeneoofrequency,ooetc.

Speciationoo(Macroevolution)oo-ooans--
theooformationooofoonewooandoodistinctoospeciesooinootheoocourseooofooevolution.

ReproductiveooIsolatingooMechanismsoo(RIMs)oo-ooans--
mechanismsoothatoopreventoointerbreedingoobetweenoodifferentoospecies

ExtrinsicooReproductiveooIsolatingooMechanismsoo-ooans--
anyoofactorsoothatooproduceoogeographicooisolationoo(geographicoobarrier)ooi.e)ootectonico
oplates


IntrinsicooReproductiveooIsolatingooMechanismsoo-ooans--
mechanismsoothatooDOooNOTooinvolveoogeographicooisolationoo(preooandoopostoozygotico
oRIMs)


PrezygoticooRIMsoo-ooans--
preventoozygoteoofromoobeingooformed;ooi.e)oodifferentookindsooofoopineootreesooofootheoos
ameoospeciesooofoointerbreedingoobecauseootheyooreleaseoopollenooatoodifferentooseason
s

PostzygoticooRIMsoo-ooans--
zygoteooisooformed,oobutoocanoohaveoodevelopmentalooproblems;ooi.e)oosicklyoofetusoodie
sooearly,oohybridoosterility,oohybridoofecundity

NaturalooSelectionooandooPopulationooVariabilityoo-ooans--
theoorateooofoochangeooisoodirectlyooproportionalootoootheoodegreeooofoovariabilityooinootheo
opopulation.
1.ooTheoomoreoovariationooyouoohave,ootheoomoreooresourcesooyouoohaveootoooworkoowith
inooaoopopulation
2.ooWithoocultureooandootechnology,oowe'reooableootooointentionallyoocontroloogeneticoovari
ationooforooourooownoointerests
i.e)oomedicationooandoogmoooproduce
3.ooWe'reoolosingoogeneticoodiversityoothatooisooresponsibleooforooourooownoosurvival

,4.ooCorollary:ootheoofateooofooallooevolutionaryoolineagesooisooextinction;oothingsooeventual
lyoogooo99.999999%ooofoothingsoohaveoogoneooextinct

Anagenesisoo-ooans--
thingsoothatoohappenoogenerationooafteroogeneration;ooslowoogradualoochangesoo(typeooo
fooevolutionaryoochange)

Cladogenesisoo-ooans--
oneoosplitsoointoootwooodistinctoospeciesoo(typeooofooevolutionaryoochange)

PhyleticooGradualismoo-ooans--slowoogradualoochanges;ooemphasizesooanagenesis

PunctuatedooEquilibriumoo-ooans--
evolutionaryoochangeoohappensooinooshortoorapidooburstsooofoochange,oopunctuatedoobyo
olongooperiodsooofoostasis;ooemphasizesoocladogenesis,oomostoochangeooduringoospeciati
onooevents

AdaptiveooRadiationoo-ooans--
rapidooexpansionooandoodiversificationooofooaoogroupooofooorganismsooasootheyooadaptoot
ooonewlyooavailableooecologicaloospace;ooseriesooofoocladogenicooeventsoo(speciation),oor
apidoospeciation,oohappensoodueootoooanyoochangesoothatooopenooupoonewoopotentialooh
abitatsootoooaoogroupooofooorganisms

Generalizedoo-ooans--
exploitoowideoorangeooofooecologicaloospace,oobroadlyoodefinedooeco-
niche,oojackooofooallootrades

Specializedoo-ooans--hasoospecializedooinoonarrowlyoodefinedooeco-
niche,oooneoospecificooenvironmentootheyoothriveooinooandoocan'tooliveoooutsideooof,ooaceo
oofoooneootrade


EvolutionaryooHomologyoo-ooans--
similaritiesoobetweenooorganismsoodueootooocommonooancestry;ooi.e)oohumanooarmooand
oobatoowing


EvolutionaryooAnalogyoo(Homoplasy)oo-ooans--
similaritiesoobetweenooorganismsoowereooindependentlyooevolvedoo(coincidentallyoohaveo
osimilaroostructuresoobutooareoonotoobcooofoocommonooancestry);ooi.e)oobutterflyoowingooa
ndoobatoowing

Convergenceoo-ooans--
analogyooinoodrasticallyoounrelatedooorganismsoo(typeooofooanalogy);ooi.e)ooeyeooofoohum
anooandooeyeooofoosquid

, Parallelismoo-ooans--
analogyooinoocloselyoorelatedooorganismsoo(typeooofooanalogy);ooi.e)ooprocumbentooinciso
rsooinoolemursooandoogoeldi'soomonkeys

Primitive/AncestralooTraitsoo-ooans--
traitooretainedooinooancestralooform;ooi.e)oopentadactyly,oo5oodigits

DerivedooTraitsoo-ooans--
modificationoofromootheooancestralooform;ooi.e)oonails,oohoof,ooclovenoohoovesoocomingoof
romooclaws

SharedooDerivedooTraitsoo-ooans--
theoouniqueoofeaturesoosharedoobyooalloomembersooofooaoogroupoothatoooriginatedooinooth
eoogroup'soomostoorecentoocommonooancestor;ooi.e)ooclovenoohoofooforoocows,oogoats,ood
eer,ooetc.oo(DON'TooUSEooancestralootraits,ooUSEoohomologousoosharedooderivedootraits
)

PrimateooOrderooCharacteristicsoo-ooans--
emphasisooonoovision,ooreducedoosnout,ooauditoryoobulla,ooprehensileoohandsooaoofeet,ooi
ncreasedoocerebraloocortex,oodecreasedoolitteroosize,ooaltricialooyoung,oosocialoogroups,oo
retainedooancestralootraits

EmphasisooonooVisionoo-ooans--
goodoodepthooperceptionoo(eyesooinoofront),oocoloroovisionooforoodiurnalooandoocrepuscula
roo(nocturnalooareooanooexception)

ReducedooSnoutoo-ooans--
reducedoosenseooofoosmellooandooreducedooprognathismoo(howoomuchooyouroofaceoocom
esooforwardoofromoowhereooyourooeyesooare)

AuditoryooBullaoo-ooans--
tinyoobonesooofoomiddleooearooareoowithinooaoochamberooofooboneoocalledootheooauditoryoo
bulla,ootheoobullaooisoofusedooinooprimates

PrehensileooHandsooandooFeetoo-ooans--
opposableoothumbooandoobigootoeooforoograsping,ooreductionooofooclawsootooonails,oosensi
tiveootactileoopadsooofoofingertips

IncreasedooCerebralooCortexoo-ooans--
increasedoointelligence,ooplayoobehavior,oodevelopmentalooplacenta,ooandooextendedooge
station

DecreasedooLitterooSizeoo-ooans--
primatesoogiveoobirthootooosingleoooffspringooatooaootimeoo(usually)