A Literature Review on the Intersection of Diplomacy and Security Intelligence for
National Security and International Cooperation: Leveraging Public Policy as a Tool of
Conglomeration
1 INTRODUCTION
The interconnected disciplines of diplomacy and security intelligence have been the
cornerstones of global peace and security among states, facilitating the navigation of complex
issues within the international arena. As a prospective professional seeking to pursue a career
in the field of diplomacy or security intelligence analysis, I am filled with a deep passion and
heavily invested in unpacking the interplay between these two pivotal fields. I find myself
drawn to this interconnection beyond my academic curiosity, but mostly because of its
alignment with my ambition to contribute to debates around the growing importance of
national security, international cooperation, and soft power projection in the contemporary
geopolitical landscape.
My passion for this field of inquiry lies in my familial background deeply rooted in the
services of national security, with my parents and relatives serving roles in the traffic
departments, national police services, military and correctional services of our country. The
ideals of the rule of law and the significance of public safety have been instilled in me from a
young age further stressing that this review is far beyond scholarly pursuit but is a strategic
step towards my dream career. In conducting a deep dive into the synergy and impact of these
disciplines, my goal is to enrich my understanding and shed light on my fervent interests and
growing expertise for future employers. I seek to intertwine my inherited zeal stemming from
my familial legacy with my professional aspirations and explore some of the main arguments
presented by dominant authors in this field.
2 MAIN ARGUMENTS PRESENTED BY DIFFERENT AUTHORS
2.1 Diplomacy and Intelligence by John D. Stempel
This academic article provides a comprehensive overview of the historical and current
debates regarding the intersection of diplomacy and security intelligence. Stempel (2017),
highlights the lack of differentiation between diplomacy and intelligence, which later evolved
as separate disciplines due to growing government complexities starting with the Chinese and
Achaemenid Persian in the sixth century. The conflict between diplomats and intelligence
1
, professionals rooted in clandestine or covert activities threatens relations between states.
Issues such as privacy, the bureaucratisation of intelligence, ethics, accountability,
professionalism, and cultural differences in view of war and peace, especially regarding
violence scales, are raised by prominent authors like Adda Bozeman. Terrorism is also
highlighted as a contemporary concern necessitating cultural understanding in intelligence
gathering for international cooperation and national security. Overall, multidisciplinary study
is advocated for by Stempel, for improved policy-making and diplomatic interactions that
consider the interplay between diplomacy and intelligence (Stempel 2017).
2.2 International Cooperation in Homeland Security by Amos N. Guiora
Guiora's main arguments bring to the fore the crucial issues in intelligence and diplomacy
highlighting the vitality of the state's cooperation for homeland security. He brings attention
to the interconnected nature of security concerns and calls for cooperation on immigration,
border security, travel security, intelligence sharing, and the impeding of funding for
terrorism. He believes that this can be done through gathering and evaluating financial
intelligence to deprive terrorist groups of their resources. Additionally, Guiora (2008),
stresses the imperative need for increased integration and cooperation among intelligence
agencies to enhance threat assessment through the acknowledgement of the crucial role of
intelligence sharing. Overall, it is according to Guiora, important to both establish and
preserve international alliances to stop and respond to terrorism collectively (Guiora 2008).
2.3 Soft Power by Joseph S. Nye Jr.
Joseph S. Nye's article explores the changing dynamics of global power after the Cold War,
raising questions about the widely held beliefs regarding America's decline and highlighting
the diverse nature of power in International Relations. Nye (1990), rejects the oversimplified
view of American power solely based on economic capabilities and stresses the fact that
although the U.S.'s share of global production has declined since the Cold War, its economic
influence however remained stable. He delves into the concept of power, asserting that it
encompasses features beyond military capabilities, and includes education, technology, and
economic development. Nye (1990), analyses the increasing impact of non-state actors like
transnational companies in shaping outcomes at an international level in areas like trade and
security. Nye's article provides insights into complex power dynamics in a world of
2
National Security and International Cooperation: Leveraging Public Policy as a Tool of
Conglomeration
1 INTRODUCTION
The interconnected disciplines of diplomacy and security intelligence have been the
cornerstones of global peace and security among states, facilitating the navigation of complex
issues within the international arena. As a prospective professional seeking to pursue a career
in the field of diplomacy or security intelligence analysis, I am filled with a deep passion and
heavily invested in unpacking the interplay between these two pivotal fields. I find myself
drawn to this interconnection beyond my academic curiosity, but mostly because of its
alignment with my ambition to contribute to debates around the growing importance of
national security, international cooperation, and soft power projection in the contemporary
geopolitical landscape.
My passion for this field of inquiry lies in my familial background deeply rooted in the
services of national security, with my parents and relatives serving roles in the traffic
departments, national police services, military and correctional services of our country. The
ideals of the rule of law and the significance of public safety have been instilled in me from a
young age further stressing that this review is far beyond scholarly pursuit but is a strategic
step towards my dream career. In conducting a deep dive into the synergy and impact of these
disciplines, my goal is to enrich my understanding and shed light on my fervent interests and
growing expertise for future employers. I seek to intertwine my inherited zeal stemming from
my familial legacy with my professional aspirations and explore some of the main arguments
presented by dominant authors in this field.
2 MAIN ARGUMENTS PRESENTED BY DIFFERENT AUTHORS
2.1 Diplomacy and Intelligence by John D. Stempel
This academic article provides a comprehensive overview of the historical and current
debates regarding the intersection of diplomacy and security intelligence. Stempel (2017),
highlights the lack of differentiation between diplomacy and intelligence, which later evolved
as separate disciplines due to growing government complexities starting with the Chinese and
Achaemenid Persian in the sixth century. The conflict between diplomats and intelligence
1
, professionals rooted in clandestine or covert activities threatens relations between states.
Issues such as privacy, the bureaucratisation of intelligence, ethics, accountability,
professionalism, and cultural differences in view of war and peace, especially regarding
violence scales, are raised by prominent authors like Adda Bozeman. Terrorism is also
highlighted as a contemporary concern necessitating cultural understanding in intelligence
gathering for international cooperation and national security. Overall, multidisciplinary study
is advocated for by Stempel, for improved policy-making and diplomatic interactions that
consider the interplay between diplomacy and intelligence (Stempel 2017).
2.2 International Cooperation in Homeland Security by Amos N. Guiora
Guiora's main arguments bring to the fore the crucial issues in intelligence and diplomacy
highlighting the vitality of the state's cooperation for homeland security. He brings attention
to the interconnected nature of security concerns and calls for cooperation on immigration,
border security, travel security, intelligence sharing, and the impeding of funding for
terrorism. He believes that this can be done through gathering and evaluating financial
intelligence to deprive terrorist groups of their resources. Additionally, Guiora (2008),
stresses the imperative need for increased integration and cooperation among intelligence
agencies to enhance threat assessment through the acknowledgement of the crucial role of
intelligence sharing. Overall, it is according to Guiora, important to both establish and
preserve international alliances to stop and respond to terrorism collectively (Guiora 2008).
2.3 Soft Power by Joseph S. Nye Jr.
Joseph S. Nye's article explores the changing dynamics of global power after the Cold War,
raising questions about the widely held beliefs regarding America's decline and highlighting
the diverse nature of power in International Relations. Nye (1990), rejects the oversimplified
view of American power solely based on economic capabilities and stresses the fact that
although the U.S.'s share of global production has declined since the Cold War, its economic
influence however remained stable. He delves into the concept of power, asserting that it
encompasses features beyond military capabilities, and includes education, technology, and
economic development. Nye (1990), analyses the increasing impact of non-state actors like
transnational companies in shaping outcomes at an international level in areas like trade and
security. Nye's article provides insights into complex power dynamics in a world of
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