nr 503 midterm.docx

health disparities - correct answer differences in health outcomes among groups Population - correct answer A group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area How are outcomes measured? - correct answer the end result after treatment/intervention that describes a patients health status social justice theory - correct answer relates advocacy, health disparities and outcomes (equality) primary intervention - correct answer an intervention that occurs before the onset of the disease secondary intervention - correct answer after disease but before symptoms *screening* health inequity - correct answer a difference or disparity in health outcomes that is systematic, avoidable, and unjust Social Justice - correct answer the defense of human dignity by ensuring that essential human needs are met and that essential human rights are protected for all people Campaign for Action - correct answer limit health disparities across the nation Sources of epidemiological data - correct answer HP 2020, Quick Health Data Online System, NCHS, AAMC, Health Equity Screening and Diagnostic Tests - correct answer ** population specific ** should be tested and have available statistics that speak to their specificity, sensitivity, and + predictive value Speceficity - correct answer Patients DO NOT have disease and were given negative test results Sensitivity - correct answer Patients who DO have disease AND are given positive test results Sensitive to the truth + predictive value - correct answer Probability that a person with a + result truly does have the disease descriptive epidemiology - correct answer collection and analysis of data: what, who, where, when, why/how (causes, risk factors, modes of transportation) causation - correct answer A cause and effect relationship in which one variable controls the changes in another variable. tertiary intervention - correct answer rehabilitation to the highest level of functioning (prevents disease from getting worse) Provider determining to use a screening test? - correct answer used to reduce morbidity/mortality by detecting diseases early. (pap smear, mammogram, ect) Determined by: -Sensitivity and specificity are measures of a test's ability to correctly classify a person as having a disease or not having a disease. Predictive Value: the probability of having the disease. Found at: CDC how is descriptive epidemiology used? - correct answer investigates health problem, used to change natural HX of disease, tracked by database Causation - correct answer A cause and effect relationship in which one variable controls the changes in another variable. surveillance - correct answer Used to monitor changes typically with infectious disease and is used for ongoing systematic collection Determinants of health - correct answer the range of personal, social, economic , and environmental factors that influence health status association - correct answer a group of people who have gathered based on similar goals or beliefs Case-control study - correct answer individuals with the diseases (cases) are compared to individuals without the disease (controls) Case-Control Strengths - correct answer -Great for rare disease/condition -Important in understanding new diseases -INEXPENSIVE AND SHORTER -Need small sample Case Control Weakness - correct answer - risk of bias - measurement error Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) - correct answer - subjects in a population are randomly allocated into control groups -to receive or not receive an experimental intervention. - The results are assessed by rigorous comparison of rates of disease, death, recovery -RCTs are generally regarded as the most rigorous method of hypothesis testing Randomize Control Trial Strengths - correct answer - Minimal Bias - Controls intervention/Treatment Randomized Control Trial Weakness - correct answer - Costly - Lengthy - Labor Intensive cohort study - correct answer a group of exposed individuals and a group of non-exposed individuals are followed over time to determine the incidence of disease Cohort Study Strengths - correct answer - Useful when the exposure is rare. - Can examine multiple effects of a single exposure.