Organic Reactions
Reaction Reaction Conditions Going from à to
Esterification Concentrated H2SO4 Alcohol + carboxylic acid
Heat
Halogenation Reaction must be spontaneous Adding X-X
Unsaturated à Saturated
Hydrogenation Alkene must be dissolved in non- Adding H-H
polar solvent Unsaturated à Saturated
H2 atmosphere
Catalyst like Pd, Ni, Pt
Hydrohalogenation No water must be present Adding H-X
Unsaturated à Saturated
(Mokovnikov’s rule)
Hydration Heat in the form of stream Adding H20
Strong but dilute acid catalyst like Unsaturated à Alcohol
H3PO4 or H2SO4 (saturated)
Combustion Exothermic reaction Produces C02 + H20 when
O2 is en excess
Else
CO and H2O
Dehydrohalogenation Hot concentrated NaOH or KOH in Removing H-X
ethanol as a solvent Saturated à Unsaturated
+ H20 + NaX/KX
Dehydration Heating of an alcohol with a Removing H20
concentrated acid catalyst like Saturated à Unsaturated +
H3PO4 or H2SO4 IN EXCESS water
Cracking Thermal – high temperatures and Saturated à Unsaturated
pressure with no catalyst (Atleast one alkene)
Catalytic – low temperatures and
pressures with catalyst present
Halogenation UV light Substituting X2
(only one)
Saturated à Saturated and
HX
Hydrolysis Heat under reflux in dilute alkali Saturated haloalkane à
solution and haloalkane dissolved Saturated alcohol
in ethanol solution with hot +NaX/KX/HX
aqueous dilute NaOH or KOH
Reaction Reaction Conditions Going from à to
Esterification Concentrated H2SO4 Alcohol + carboxylic acid
Heat
Halogenation Reaction must be spontaneous Adding X-X
Unsaturated à Saturated
Hydrogenation Alkene must be dissolved in non- Adding H-H
polar solvent Unsaturated à Saturated
H2 atmosphere
Catalyst like Pd, Ni, Pt
Hydrohalogenation No water must be present Adding H-X
Unsaturated à Saturated
(Mokovnikov’s rule)
Hydration Heat in the form of stream Adding H20
Strong but dilute acid catalyst like Unsaturated à Alcohol
H3PO4 or H2SO4 (saturated)
Combustion Exothermic reaction Produces C02 + H20 when
O2 is en excess
Else
CO and H2O
Dehydrohalogenation Hot concentrated NaOH or KOH in Removing H-X
ethanol as a solvent Saturated à Unsaturated
+ H20 + NaX/KX
Dehydration Heating of an alcohol with a Removing H20
concentrated acid catalyst like Saturated à Unsaturated +
H3PO4 or H2SO4 IN EXCESS water
Cracking Thermal – high temperatures and Saturated à Unsaturated
pressure with no catalyst (Atleast one alkene)
Catalytic – low temperatures and
pressures with catalyst present
Halogenation UV light Substituting X2
(only one)
Saturated à Saturated and
HX
Hydrolysis Heat under reflux in dilute alkali Saturated haloalkane à
solution and haloalkane dissolved Saturated alcohol
in ethanol solution with hot +NaX/KX/HX
aqueous dilute NaOH or KOH
