Mathematics II (MATH2011A) - Calculus_Chapter_2 (Notes + Fully worked out examples)

CHAPTER 2 : VECTOR FUNCTIONS OF A SCALAR :




2. 1 .
✓ECT0RIFFERENTIATl0
REMINDER OF :
THIS IS AN EXAMPLE OF A VECTOR


PARAMETRIC EQUATION OF A CURVE :
VALUE

VARIABLE
FUNCTION
rct)
OF A SINGLE SCALAR




(1) POSITION VECTOR :
POSITION OF A CURVE :




EMPHASISE r IS A FUNCTION OF t


(f)
t ONE
tf
r DEPENDS ON
f
-
:
= pw SCALAR SINGLE VARIABLE !
0 THINK OF t AS TIME AND -
REPRESENTS
SYMBOL :DISPLACEMENT THE TRAJECTORY THAT A PARTICLE OBJECT
VECTOR OF A CURVE
WILL FOLLOW AS TIME MOVES ALONG .


OR

I r→
or i. WILL HAVE TWO COMPONENTS WHICH ARE EACH A FUNCTION OF t GIVING X co-ORDINATE CORD / NATE
-
AND
-




Y
-
-
.




( ✗ (t) ; yct))
OF POSITION VECTOR OF PARTICLE AT


IN TWO DIMENSIONS ( 2D) : r =
anytime .




e. THREE COORDINATES / COMPONENT •




IN THREE DIMENSIONS ( 3D ) : r =
( Xlt) ; yct) ; 2- (t) )

(2) VELOCITY VECTOR :


VELOCITY OF A CURVE :




✓
OR
(f) =

dt
dr (CAN ALSO WRITE R' ( PRIME) )
{ DIFFERENTIATION OF EACH
CO ORDINATE /POSITION
- VECTORS }
it) Ict)
EACH
>
DERIVATIVE OF
ORDINATE •
G ly
- -

PRIME of t)
co -


>


dn
-




-

1- N TWO ( 2D) :
x'Ct ) ; y'Lt)
DIMENSIONS dt


dr
(t) ; yet) ;
'
Ect )
IN THREE DIMENSIONS ( 3D ) :
dt
✗




PICTURE)

CURVE :



t
Ñ%)"°N"="°R°FCURVEAT€=
" :




7 Asti ? g. #
pan , Ast T :
dr
z WILL THE
BECOME
dt
TANGENT VECTOR OF THE CURVE AT

THAT POINT IN TIME

dt
VELOCITY IS TELLING
•
US INSTANEOUS
DIRECTION OF
CURVE AT THAT
TIME !




•
( ;)


(
CO-ORDINATE / POINTS TO POSITION /
VECTOR DISPLACEMENT VECTOR
AT PARTICULAR TIME




EXAMPLES :


(1) r ( t) ( cost ; stint ) f. can see curve in 2D !)

DRAW :
Ynd? • As tT( anytime) ,
randy /
T
dt
I ( cost ; Sint) WILL BE ON THE
- t= €2 UNIT CIRCLE !
y
A 2 CALCULATE VELOCITY VECTOR :

g.



pic7URh
T dr
C- sint ; cost )
t=ñ
Ict)d
↳ ÷÷÷÷÷
3

.at??to?a:Yiii-??=.imiiiiii.siiii-)pomisn.-id.t:t-
ARROW / VECTOR WHOSE BASE /STARTING

POSITION /POINT
o :( o ;D
y -
I
-


Ñq > X
CORRESPONDING
TO DISPLACEMENT
COMES BACK TO
N VECTOR AT THAT
STARTING POINT !
TIME !
7 MOVES
ANTI-CLOCKWISE !
I → DUE TO DOT PRODUCT
-
* POSITION CAN BE ANYWHERE LI ,
,


g
THE CURVE !
-


ALONG
dr
✓
1- =
3¥ I rct)
dt ( DISPLACEMENT
VECTOR )

POINTS IN
ANTI CLOCKWISE
-




DIRECTION OF MOTION
•

, ✗
-
co-ORDINATE
a

§ >
z


(2) rlt) =
( cost ;sint ; t) (i. HAVE A PARAMETRIC CURVE IN 3D
.
)

1 GRAPH CURVE /DRAW : 3D CURVE :




(1) FIRST : Look AT THE CURVE FROM ABOVE
MY • LOOKING ALONG 2- AXIS (VERTICAL)




|
-




L i. LOOKING AT X -
Y PLANE !
"
r → GOING ANTI-CLOCKWISE
o :* Around um >


at
-
-




CIRCLE !
,




i

(2) FROM THE SIDE : TO GET THE 3RD DIMENSION

LOOK AT HOW -
COORDINATES CHANGE

TAKE 2D CURVE AND FLIP IT :




^
A Z
qt=4ñ i. EACH CO ORDINATE
-
INCREASES
1 STEADILY

GRAPH CAN BE
^ AT A CERTAIN CONSTANT
EXTENDED
☐ news
IN
.
.nu
BOTH
pn.ge :@ , ,µt,
t can BE tore / -
ve

I
ddffd.IE?neds:0n

⑥ a ;o ;D
✓
L
Sy
to

3C
Copy COMING OUT
✓
OF BOARD HORIZONTAL ALONG
.


BOARD


6
oo WHEN EXTEND ABOVE CURVE ONE WILL GET
,
A HELIX ( 7T¥ ;¥÷e§?:)
• SHAPE OF A SCREW DRILL TYPE OF
THING ALONG OUTER EDGE .


GOING AROUND IN CIRCLES BUT MP /DOWN WITH z -
COORDINATE

WITH A CONSTANT PITCH / INCLINE /SLANT




2 VEL CITY :



dr
dt
=
C-sinti cost ; 1)

AS
0
TWO METHODS FOR REPRESENTING 2D CURVES / PLANE CURVES
.

PARAMETRIC
!
•



CURVES
(1) COMPLEX NUMBER METHOD

(2) POLAR EQUATIONS METHOD

KID
-
COMPLEX CURVES ARE CURVES IN 2D THAT ARE WRITTEN :




}
REPRESENT " AS
= -2 ( t)
-
✗ (t) + iyct)
-
PARAMETRIC CURVE !


WRITE x -

FUNCTION DEFINING
CO -
ORDINATE
Y
-
co-ORDINATE AS
AS 2 OF COMPLEX
COMPLEX PART I
NUMBER