1
These notes have been compiled using the following resources from: NSC/ DBE NOV 2023, NSC/DBE Nov. 2024, SACAI NOV 2024, NSC/ DBE NOV
2025 & SACAI NOV 2025.
This information and these answers come from the memoranda (there are more
possible answers). Some information is repeated - I want to show you the different ways
the same information is asked. I encourage you to answer the calculation/illustration
questions.
To make optimal use of this document, you must learn/revise the study notes for Terms
1 and 2 and the Prelim Examination. To purchase the full-year package, contact:
Note: Some questions in the exam require you to write your answer in paragraph
format. In these notes, the answers are presented pointwise so that you can learn
and memorize them more easily. Use the points to write a flowing paragraph in the
exam.
Purpose of this document:
• To be your complete revision guide for the 2026 Final Exam.
• To show you which topics have already been covered in Term 1/Term 2 and Term 3
and where you can review them.
• To include new content and case studies from the Final papers 2023/2024/2025
for you.
• To make sure you don't miss any possible exam question.
Good luck: Juffrou Ansie
© 2026 Juffrou Ansie Study Notes. All rights reserved. This material may not be reproduced or distributed without written permission.
, 2
Contents
Civil Resistance, 1970s–1980s: South Africa .............................................................. 3
COSATU AND LABOUR RESISTANCE ......................................................................... 3
PW BOTHA'S REFORMS — THE GOVERNMENT SIDE OF THE STORY ......................... 5
BLACK SOUTH AFRICAN REACTION TO BOTHA'S REFORMS .................................... 7
BLACK CONSCIOUSNESS / STEVE BIKO ............................................................... 10
INTERNATIONAL PRESSURE ................................................................................ 10
BLACK SASH ...................................................................................................... 10
END CONSCRIPTION CAMPAIGN ........................................................................ 10
THE COMING OF DEMOCRACY AND COMING TO TERMS WITH THE PAST ............. 10
Political violence and the negotiations, 1990–1994................................................ 11
Chris Hani and the TRC ....................................................................................... 11
CRADOCK FOUR ................................................................................................ 11
END OF THE COLD WAR AND A NEW WORLD ORDER ........................................... 14
G20 AND GLOBAL ISSUES .................................................................................. 14
SOUTH AFRICA’S G20 PRESIDENCY ..................................................................... 17
BRICS 2023 SUMMIT ........................................................................................... 18
IMF AND WORLD BANK ....................................................................................... 20
How did globalisation change the world after the Cold War? .................................. 20
APARTHEID LEADERSHIP AND ACCOUNTABILITY ................................................. 23
COMING OF DEMOCRACY: POLITICAL LEADERSHIP ............................................. 25
ESSAY QUESTIONS ............................................................................................. 26
Key Terms:
REFORM: A change made to an existing political, social or economic
system in an attempt to improve or modify it without
completely replacing the system.
CONSTITUTION: The fundamental set of laws and principles according to which a
country is governed.
© 2026 Juffrou Ansie Study Notes. All rights reserved. This material may not be reproduced or distributed without written permission.
, 3
ACTIVIST: A person who actively campaigns to bring about political or
social change.
STRUCTURAL A policy through which the IMF and World Bank provided
ADJUSTMENT conditional loans to countries experiencing economic crises,
PROGRAMME requiring them to restructure their economies and generally
(SAP): reduce government involvement while promoting a market
economy.
Civil Resistance, 1970s–1980s: South Africa
REVISION: Prelim notes, already cover PW Botha/Total Strategy and economic
pressure, the UDF and Tricameral Parliament, international pressure, Black Sash, End
Conscription Campaign, and a substantial Black Consciousness essay.
Note to learners: The extracts in this section are shortened study extracts based on
exam-style source material. Read each extract carefully and answer the questions
that follow. You do not need to look for the original source.
COSATU AND LABOUR RESISTANCE
HOW DID COSATU CHALLENGE THE APARTHEID GOVERNMENT IN THE 1980s?
SOURCE: @DBE November 2023
SOURCE A
The Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU) was launched in 1985 and
became an important force in both the labour movement and the wider struggle
against apartheid. At its launch, attended by more than 10 000 workers, COSATU
threatened a national strike if the government repatriated migrant workers. It also
planned to organise workers in the homelands despite restrictions on trade unions.
COSATU supported disinvestment and the eventual nationalisation of South
Africa’s mines and other major industries. Its labour demands included a national
minimum wage and a 40-hour working week at full pay. COSATU also supported
one person, one vote in a united South Africa, showing that it was involved in
political as well as labour resistance.
© 2026 Juffrou Ansie Study Notes. All rights reserved. This material may not be reproduced or distributed without written permission.
, 4
By 1988, the government attempted to restrict COSATU’s activities. The Labour
Relations Amendment Act threatened to limit
workers’ right to strike, expose trade unions
to civil action for losses caused by their
members and outlaw solidarity action during
industrial disputes. Government restrictions
also attempted to prevent COSATU from
operating in the wider political struggle.
COSATU rejected these restrictions and
continued mobilising workers against
government labour policies and apartheid.
In which year was COSATU launched?
= 1985.
Why did COSATU threaten to call a national strike?
= The government threatened to repatriate migrant workers.
Identify TWO labour demands made by COSATU.
• A national minimum wage.
• A 40-hour working week at full pay.
Define the term disinvestment in the context of the struggle against apartheid.
The withdrawal of investments from South Africa to place economic pressure on the
apartheid government.
Explain why COSATU supported disinvestment against the apartheid government.
COSATU believed that withdrawing investment would weaken the apartheid
economy and increase pressure on the government to introduce political change.
What is implied by COSATU’s commitment to one person, one vote in a united South
Africa?
• COSATU was involved in political matters and not only labour issues.
• It supported democratic voting rights for all South Africans and the broader
liberation struggle.
© 2026 Juffrou Ansie Study Notes. All rights reserved. This material may not be reproduced or distributed without written permission.
These notes have been compiled using the following resources from: NSC/ DBE NOV 2023, NSC/DBE Nov. 2024, SACAI NOV 2024, NSC/ DBE NOV
2025 & SACAI NOV 2025.
This information and these answers come from the memoranda (there are more
possible answers). Some information is repeated - I want to show you the different ways
the same information is asked. I encourage you to answer the calculation/illustration
questions.
To make optimal use of this document, you must learn/revise the study notes for Terms
1 and 2 and the Prelim Examination. To purchase the full-year package, contact:
Note: Some questions in the exam require you to write your answer in paragraph
format. In these notes, the answers are presented pointwise so that you can learn
and memorize them more easily. Use the points to write a flowing paragraph in the
exam.
Purpose of this document:
• To be your complete revision guide for the 2026 Final Exam.
• To show you which topics have already been covered in Term 1/Term 2 and Term 3
and where you can review them.
• To include new content and case studies from the Final papers 2023/2024/2025
for you.
• To make sure you don't miss any possible exam question.
Good luck: Juffrou Ansie
© 2026 Juffrou Ansie Study Notes. All rights reserved. This material may not be reproduced or distributed without written permission.
, 2
Contents
Civil Resistance, 1970s–1980s: South Africa .............................................................. 3
COSATU AND LABOUR RESISTANCE ......................................................................... 3
PW BOTHA'S REFORMS — THE GOVERNMENT SIDE OF THE STORY ......................... 5
BLACK SOUTH AFRICAN REACTION TO BOTHA'S REFORMS .................................... 7
BLACK CONSCIOUSNESS / STEVE BIKO ............................................................... 10
INTERNATIONAL PRESSURE ................................................................................ 10
BLACK SASH ...................................................................................................... 10
END CONSCRIPTION CAMPAIGN ........................................................................ 10
THE COMING OF DEMOCRACY AND COMING TO TERMS WITH THE PAST ............. 10
Political violence and the negotiations, 1990–1994................................................ 11
Chris Hani and the TRC ....................................................................................... 11
CRADOCK FOUR ................................................................................................ 11
END OF THE COLD WAR AND A NEW WORLD ORDER ........................................... 14
G20 AND GLOBAL ISSUES .................................................................................. 14
SOUTH AFRICA’S G20 PRESIDENCY ..................................................................... 17
BRICS 2023 SUMMIT ........................................................................................... 18
IMF AND WORLD BANK ....................................................................................... 20
How did globalisation change the world after the Cold War? .................................. 20
APARTHEID LEADERSHIP AND ACCOUNTABILITY ................................................. 23
COMING OF DEMOCRACY: POLITICAL LEADERSHIP ............................................. 25
ESSAY QUESTIONS ............................................................................................. 26
Key Terms:
REFORM: A change made to an existing political, social or economic
system in an attempt to improve or modify it without
completely replacing the system.
CONSTITUTION: The fundamental set of laws and principles according to which a
country is governed.
© 2026 Juffrou Ansie Study Notes. All rights reserved. This material may not be reproduced or distributed without written permission.
, 3
ACTIVIST: A person who actively campaigns to bring about political or
social change.
STRUCTURAL A policy through which the IMF and World Bank provided
ADJUSTMENT conditional loans to countries experiencing economic crises,
PROGRAMME requiring them to restructure their economies and generally
(SAP): reduce government involvement while promoting a market
economy.
Civil Resistance, 1970s–1980s: South Africa
REVISION: Prelim notes, already cover PW Botha/Total Strategy and economic
pressure, the UDF and Tricameral Parliament, international pressure, Black Sash, End
Conscription Campaign, and a substantial Black Consciousness essay.
Note to learners: The extracts in this section are shortened study extracts based on
exam-style source material. Read each extract carefully and answer the questions
that follow. You do not need to look for the original source.
COSATU AND LABOUR RESISTANCE
HOW DID COSATU CHALLENGE THE APARTHEID GOVERNMENT IN THE 1980s?
SOURCE: @DBE November 2023
SOURCE A
The Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU) was launched in 1985 and
became an important force in both the labour movement and the wider struggle
against apartheid. At its launch, attended by more than 10 000 workers, COSATU
threatened a national strike if the government repatriated migrant workers. It also
planned to organise workers in the homelands despite restrictions on trade unions.
COSATU supported disinvestment and the eventual nationalisation of South
Africa’s mines and other major industries. Its labour demands included a national
minimum wage and a 40-hour working week at full pay. COSATU also supported
one person, one vote in a united South Africa, showing that it was involved in
political as well as labour resistance.
© 2026 Juffrou Ansie Study Notes. All rights reserved. This material may not be reproduced or distributed without written permission.
, 4
By 1988, the government attempted to restrict COSATU’s activities. The Labour
Relations Amendment Act threatened to limit
workers’ right to strike, expose trade unions
to civil action for losses caused by their
members and outlaw solidarity action during
industrial disputes. Government restrictions
also attempted to prevent COSATU from
operating in the wider political struggle.
COSATU rejected these restrictions and
continued mobilising workers against
government labour policies and apartheid.
In which year was COSATU launched?
= 1985.
Why did COSATU threaten to call a national strike?
= The government threatened to repatriate migrant workers.
Identify TWO labour demands made by COSATU.
• A national minimum wage.
• A 40-hour working week at full pay.
Define the term disinvestment in the context of the struggle against apartheid.
The withdrawal of investments from South Africa to place economic pressure on the
apartheid government.
Explain why COSATU supported disinvestment against the apartheid government.
COSATU believed that withdrawing investment would weaken the apartheid
economy and increase pressure on the government to introduce political change.
What is implied by COSATU’s commitment to one person, one vote in a united South
Africa?
• COSATU was involved in political matters and not only labour issues.
• It supported democratic voting rights for all South Africans and the broader
liberation struggle.
© 2026 Juffrou Ansie Study Notes. All rights reserved. This material may not be reproduced or distributed without written permission.
