Contents
REVIEW OF BASIC SKILLS – MATHEMATICAL LITERACY STUDY NOTES...................................... 2
Part 1: Rounding ................................................................................................................. 2
Part 2: Rounding to the Nearest 10, 100 and 1000 ................................................................ 3
Part 3: Scientific Notation ................................................................................................... 4
Part 4: Percentages ............................................................................................................. 5
Part 5: Ratios ...................................................................................................................... 6
Part 6: Rate ........................................................................................................................ 7
Part 7: Proportion ............................................................................................................... 7
Quick Exam Summary ........................................................................................................ 9
Finance ............................................................................................................................... 10
1. Financial Terms............................................................................................................. 10
2. Salary Deductions ........................................................................................................ 10
3. Banking ........................................................................................................................ 11
4. Budgeting ..................................................................................................................... 12
5. Tax and VAT ................................................................................................................... 13
6. Business Terminology ................................................................................................... 14
7. Inflation and Deflation................................................................................................... 14
DATA HANDLING – MATHEMATICAL LITERACY STUDY NOTES................................................. 15
1. What is Data Handling? ................................................................................................. 15
2. Important Terminology .................................................................................................. 15
3. Types of Data ................................................................................................................ 16
4. Steps in the Research Process....................................................................................... 17
5. Collecting Data ............................................................................................................. 18
6. National Census ........................................................................................................... 18
7. Sorting Data.................................................................................................................. 19
8. Frequency Tables .......................................................................................................... 19
9. Graphical Representation of Data .................................................................................. 20
10. Measures of Central Tendency ..................................................................................... 22
11. Mean (Average) ........................................................................................................... 23
12. Mode .......................................................................................................................... 23
13. Median ....................................................................................................................... 24
14. Range ......................................................................................................................... 24
15. Stem-and-Leaf Diagram .............................................................................................. 25
16. Quartiles .................................................................................................................... 25
, Exam Tips......................................................................................................................... 26
PROBABILITY – MATHEMATICAL LITERACY STUDY NOTES ...................................................... 28
1. What is Probability? ...................................................................................................... 28
2. Probability Scale ........................................................................................................... 28
3. Probability Formula ....................................................................................................... 29
4. Expressing Probability ................................................................................................... 30
5. Multiple Events ............................................................................................................. 31
6. Probability with Replacement ........................................................................................ 32
7. Probability without Replacement ................................................................................... 32
8. Lotto Probability ........................................................................................................... 33
9. Using Probability for Predictions .................................................................................... 35
10. Important Probability Vocabulary................................................................................. 35
Quick Summary................................................................................................................ 37
,REVIEW OF BASIC SKILLS – MATHEMATICAL LITERACY STUDY
NOTES
Part 1: Rounding
What is Rounding?
• Rounding means making a number simpler while keeping its value close to the original
number.
• The symbol used is:
≈
• This means "approximately equal to" or "almost equal to."
• Never use = when rounding.
Example
3,14823 ≈ 3,15
NOT
3,14823 = 3,15
Rules for Rounding Decimal Numbers
Step 1
Identify the decimal place you are rounding to.
Step 2
Look at the digit immediately to the right.
Step 3
Apply the rule:
Digit Action
0, 1, 2, 3, 4 Round down (leave number unchanged)
5, 6, 7, 8, 9 Round up (increase previous digit by 1)
Examples
Round to 2 decimal places
3,14823 ≈ 3,15
• Third decimal = 8
, • Round the second decimal up.
Round to 3 decimal places
23,89432 ≈ 23,894
• Fourth decimal = 3
• No change.
Round to 2 decimal places
215,899 ≈ 215,90
• Third decimal = 9
• Round the second decimal up.
Part 2: Rounding to the Nearest 10, 100 and 1000
Place Value Table
Thousands Hundreds Tens Units
Th H T U
Rounding to the Nearest 10
Look at the Units digit.
Rule
• 0–4 → Round down
• 5–9 → Round up
Examples
65 ≈ 70
16 ≈ 20
173 ≈ 170
589 ≈ 590
Rounding to the Nearest 100
Look at the Tens digit.
Rule
• 0–4 → Round down
• 5–9 → Round up
REVIEW OF BASIC SKILLS – MATHEMATICAL LITERACY STUDY NOTES...................................... 2
Part 1: Rounding ................................................................................................................. 2
Part 2: Rounding to the Nearest 10, 100 and 1000 ................................................................ 3
Part 3: Scientific Notation ................................................................................................... 4
Part 4: Percentages ............................................................................................................. 5
Part 5: Ratios ...................................................................................................................... 6
Part 6: Rate ........................................................................................................................ 7
Part 7: Proportion ............................................................................................................... 7
Quick Exam Summary ........................................................................................................ 9
Finance ............................................................................................................................... 10
1. Financial Terms............................................................................................................. 10
2. Salary Deductions ........................................................................................................ 10
3. Banking ........................................................................................................................ 11
4. Budgeting ..................................................................................................................... 12
5. Tax and VAT ................................................................................................................... 13
6. Business Terminology ................................................................................................... 14
7. Inflation and Deflation................................................................................................... 14
DATA HANDLING – MATHEMATICAL LITERACY STUDY NOTES................................................. 15
1. What is Data Handling? ................................................................................................. 15
2. Important Terminology .................................................................................................. 15
3. Types of Data ................................................................................................................ 16
4. Steps in the Research Process....................................................................................... 17
5. Collecting Data ............................................................................................................. 18
6. National Census ........................................................................................................... 18
7. Sorting Data.................................................................................................................. 19
8. Frequency Tables .......................................................................................................... 19
9. Graphical Representation of Data .................................................................................. 20
10. Measures of Central Tendency ..................................................................................... 22
11. Mean (Average) ........................................................................................................... 23
12. Mode .......................................................................................................................... 23
13. Median ....................................................................................................................... 24
14. Range ......................................................................................................................... 24
15. Stem-and-Leaf Diagram .............................................................................................. 25
16. Quartiles .................................................................................................................... 25
, Exam Tips......................................................................................................................... 26
PROBABILITY – MATHEMATICAL LITERACY STUDY NOTES ...................................................... 28
1. What is Probability? ...................................................................................................... 28
2. Probability Scale ........................................................................................................... 28
3. Probability Formula ....................................................................................................... 29
4. Expressing Probability ................................................................................................... 30
5. Multiple Events ............................................................................................................. 31
6. Probability with Replacement ........................................................................................ 32
7. Probability without Replacement ................................................................................... 32
8. Lotto Probability ........................................................................................................... 33
9. Using Probability for Predictions .................................................................................... 35
10. Important Probability Vocabulary................................................................................. 35
Quick Summary................................................................................................................ 37
,REVIEW OF BASIC SKILLS – MATHEMATICAL LITERACY STUDY
NOTES
Part 1: Rounding
What is Rounding?
• Rounding means making a number simpler while keeping its value close to the original
number.
• The symbol used is:
≈
• This means "approximately equal to" or "almost equal to."
• Never use = when rounding.
Example
3,14823 ≈ 3,15
NOT
3,14823 = 3,15
Rules for Rounding Decimal Numbers
Step 1
Identify the decimal place you are rounding to.
Step 2
Look at the digit immediately to the right.
Step 3
Apply the rule:
Digit Action
0, 1, 2, 3, 4 Round down (leave number unchanged)
5, 6, 7, 8, 9 Round up (increase previous digit by 1)
Examples
Round to 2 decimal places
3,14823 ≈ 3,15
• Third decimal = 8
, • Round the second decimal up.
Round to 3 decimal places
23,89432 ≈ 23,894
• Fourth decimal = 3
• No change.
Round to 2 decimal places
215,899 ≈ 215,90
• Third decimal = 9
• Round the second decimal up.
Part 2: Rounding to the Nearest 10, 100 and 1000
Place Value Table
Thousands Hundreds Tens Units
Th H T U
Rounding to the Nearest 10
Look at the Units digit.
Rule
• 0–4 → Round down
• 5–9 → Round up
Examples
65 ≈ 70
16 ≈ 20
173 ≈ 170
589 ≈ 590
Rounding to the Nearest 100
Look at the Tens digit.
Rule
• 0–4 → Round down
• 5–9 → Round up
