Climatology
Global Circulation: Planetary winds (trade winds, westerlies, polar
easterlies) drive weather systems.
Mid-Latitude Cyclones: Form along polar fronts; bring cold fronts,
warm fronts, occluded fronts. Associated with rain, temperature drops,
and strong winds.
Tropical Cyclones: Develop over warm oceans (>27°C), low pressure,
spiral winds. Cause flooding, storm surges, destruction.
Subtropical Anticyclones: High-pressure cells around South Africa
(South Atlantic, South Indian, Kalahari). Influence rainfall distribution.
Valley Climates: Temperature inversions, frost pockets, katabatic
winds.
Urban Climates: Heat islands, pollution domes, altered rainfall
patterns.
Geomorphology
Drainage Systems:
o Dendritic (tree-like), trellis (parallel), radial (from a central point).
Fluvial Processes:
o Erosion (hydraulic action, abrasion, attrition).
o Transportation (traction, saltation, suspension, solution).
o Deposition (when velocity decreases).
River Profiles:
o Upper course: steep, erosion dominant.
o Middle course: meanders, transport.
o Lower course: floodplains, deltas, deposition.
River Capture: One river diverts another’s flow.
Rejuvenation: River regains erosive power due to uplift or sea-level
fall.
Catchment Management: Protecting water resources, preventing
pollution, sustainable use.
️Settlement Geography
Rural Settlements:
o Dispersed vs nucleated.
o Issues: depopulation, lack of services, poverty.
Urban Settlements:
o Site (physical location) vs situation (relative location).
Global Circulation: Planetary winds (trade winds, westerlies, polar
easterlies) drive weather systems.
Mid-Latitude Cyclones: Form along polar fronts; bring cold fronts,
warm fronts, occluded fronts. Associated with rain, temperature drops,
and strong winds.
Tropical Cyclones: Develop over warm oceans (>27°C), low pressure,
spiral winds. Cause flooding, storm surges, destruction.
Subtropical Anticyclones: High-pressure cells around South Africa
(South Atlantic, South Indian, Kalahari). Influence rainfall distribution.
Valley Climates: Temperature inversions, frost pockets, katabatic
winds.
Urban Climates: Heat islands, pollution domes, altered rainfall
patterns.
Geomorphology
Drainage Systems:
o Dendritic (tree-like), trellis (parallel), radial (from a central point).
Fluvial Processes:
o Erosion (hydraulic action, abrasion, attrition).
o Transportation (traction, saltation, suspension, solution).
o Deposition (when velocity decreases).
River Profiles:
o Upper course: steep, erosion dominant.
o Middle course: meanders, transport.
o Lower course: floodplains, deltas, deposition.
River Capture: One river diverts another’s flow.
Rejuvenation: River regains erosive power due to uplift or sea-level
fall.
Catchment Management: Protecting water resources, preventing
pollution, sustainable use.
️Settlement Geography
Rural Settlements:
o Dispersed vs nucleated.
o Issues: depopulation, lack of services, poverty.
Urban Settlements:
o Site (physical location) vs situation (relative location).
