Plant
Reproduction
, Asexual vs Sexual Reproduction
Asexual reproduction Sexual reproduction
The bringing together of a new
The production of a new generation of generation of the same species by
Definition
the same species by one parent merging the genetic material of two
parents.
None,
Number of parents 2, with 2 genders
all individuals can produce offspring
Processes One stage: mitosis 2 stages - meiosis and fertilisation
Gamete production No gametes formed Gametes formed
Offspring genetically different bc alleges
Offspring genetically identical to
are shuffled in meiosis and fertilisation.
End result parent.
High possibility of evolution due to
Low possibility of evolution
genotypic variation.
In changing unstable environments,
In unchanging environment, well
individuals can adapt to new conditions.
adapted individuals are preserved.
Value In plants, seeds are formed
Reproduction is possible when there
(can be stored for months/years until
are no/few mates.
planting season)
Slower - half of population are males who
Rate of reproduction Faster - all individuals can reproduce
do not produce offspring
Less efficient, energy input needed to
Energy input More efficient, no energy input needed
produce gametes, find & court mate
Outside agents None Pollinators necessary for pollination
• All individuals can produce offspring
• Results in variation, the basis of
• Takes place quickly
evolution. (A species has a better
• Produces exact copies of parent
chance of survival as the offspring can
organism, therefore predictable
adapt to new ecological niches)
Advantages outcome.
• Allows organisms to evolve/form new
• Maintains quality of species. (Useful
species
in stable environment)
• May prevent spread of disease/
• A favourable mutation can spread
genetically resistant
quickly
• High energy expenditure
• Reproductive process slow
No genetic variation
• Unfavourable mutations/recessive
Disadvantages (if environmental conditions change,
genes may be expressed
the whole population may be at risk)
• Outside agents may be needed in
plants to carry pollen/seeds
, Asexual vs Sexual Reproduction
• Reproduction = the ability of organisms to produce a new generation of
themselves, by the passing of genes.
• NB for the survival and reproduction of a species
• Plants die of old age, disease and predation - new plants need to be produced to
replace those that die.
SIMILARITIES
★ Produce the same kind of organism to prevent species from dying out
★ Result in food being produced - vital to feeding world population
Asexual Sexual
Reproduction Reproduction
• Reproduction in plants by the
• The production of a new
production of male and
generation of the same
female gametes (n) which fuse
species by one parent.
by fertilisation.
• Takes place by mitosis
• Genetic variation is present
• The new organism will be
genetically identical to
parents
• Therefore NO variation
, Advantages of asexual reproduction Advantages of sexual reproduction
❖ All individuals produce offspring - no ❖ The basis of evolution
energy expenditure to produce ❖ better chance of survival in an
gametes or find a mate unstable environment (offspring may
❖ Fast and simple process (only adapt to new conditions)
mitosis) ❖ May prevent spread of disease -
❖ Useful in stable conditions - if parent offspring can be genetically resistant.
is well adapted to environment, so
will genetically identical offspring
❖ Favourable mutation can spread
rapidly - enabling population to
adapt quickly to new environmental
conditions
- (e.g. resistance to antibiotics/
insecticides)
Disadvantages of asexual Disadvantages of sexual
reproduction reproduction
➡ Unless there is a mutation, no ➡ High energy expenditure (in
genetic variation (no recombination plants special reproductive organs
of alleles) need to be produced)
➡ If environment changes the ➡ Reproduction process is slower -
population might be unable to gamete production and meeting
adapt and die out. of gametes takes time
➡ Unfavourable mutations +
recessive genes might be
expressed in offspring
➡ Outside agents might be needed
in plants to carry pollen/seeds
Reproduction
, Asexual vs Sexual Reproduction
Asexual reproduction Sexual reproduction
The bringing together of a new
The production of a new generation of generation of the same species by
Definition
the same species by one parent merging the genetic material of two
parents.
None,
Number of parents 2, with 2 genders
all individuals can produce offspring
Processes One stage: mitosis 2 stages - meiosis and fertilisation
Gamete production No gametes formed Gametes formed
Offspring genetically different bc alleges
Offspring genetically identical to
are shuffled in meiosis and fertilisation.
End result parent.
High possibility of evolution due to
Low possibility of evolution
genotypic variation.
In changing unstable environments,
In unchanging environment, well
individuals can adapt to new conditions.
adapted individuals are preserved.
Value In plants, seeds are formed
Reproduction is possible when there
(can be stored for months/years until
are no/few mates.
planting season)
Slower - half of population are males who
Rate of reproduction Faster - all individuals can reproduce
do not produce offspring
Less efficient, energy input needed to
Energy input More efficient, no energy input needed
produce gametes, find & court mate
Outside agents None Pollinators necessary for pollination
• All individuals can produce offspring
• Results in variation, the basis of
• Takes place quickly
evolution. (A species has a better
• Produces exact copies of parent
chance of survival as the offspring can
organism, therefore predictable
adapt to new ecological niches)
Advantages outcome.
• Allows organisms to evolve/form new
• Maintains quality of species. (Useful
species
in stable environment)
• May prevent spread of disease/
• A favourable mutation can spread
genetically resistant
quickly
• High energy expenditure
• Reproductive process slow
No genetic variation
• Unfavourable mutations/recessive
Disadvantages (if environmental conditions change,
genes may be expressed
the whole population may be at risk)
• Outside agents may be needed in
plants to carry pollen/seeds
, Asexual vs Sexual Reproduction
• Reproduction = the ability of organisms to produce a new generation of
themselves, by the passing of genes.
• NB for the survival and reproduction of a species
• Plants die of old age, disease and predation - new plants need to be produced to
replace those that die.
SIMILARITIES
★ Produce the same kind of organism to prevent species from dying out
★ Result in food being produced - vital to feeding world population
Asexual Sexual
Reproduction Reproduction
• Reproduction in plants by the
• The production of a new
production of male and
generation of the same
female gametes (n) which fuse
species by one parent.
by fertilisation.
• Takes place by mitosis
• Genetic variation is present
• The new organism will be
genetically identical to
parents
• Therefore NO variation
, Advantages of asexual reproduction Advantages of sexual reproduction
❖ All individuals produce offspring - no ❖ The basis of evolution
energy expenditure to produce ❖ better chance of survival in an
gametes or find a mate unstable environment (offspring may
❖ Fast and simple process (only adapt to new conditions)
mitosis) ❖ May prevent spread of disease -
❖ Useful in stable conditions - if parent offspring can be genetically resistant.
is well adapted to environment, so
will genetically identical offspring
❖ Favourable mutation can spread
rapidly - enabling population to
adapt quickly to new environmental
conditions
- (e.g. resistance to antibiotics/
insecticides)
Disadvantages of asexual Disadvantages of sexual
reproduction reproduction
➡ Unless there is a mutation, no ➡ High energy expenditure (in
genetic variation (no recombination plants special reproductive organs
of alleles) need to be produced)
➡ If environment changes the ➡ Reproduction process is slower -
population might be unable to gamete production and meeting
adapt and die out. of gametes takes time
➡ Unfavourable mutations +
recessive genes might be
expressed in offspring
➡ Outside agents might be needed
in plants to carry pollen/seeds
