Halilish

This document covers a range of topics in second year orthoptics at university of Sheffield. It goes through the aetiology, testing, diagnosis, management and follow-up. It summarizes difficult concepts such as cranial nerve palsies. It goes through differential diagnosis of different conditions. Infantile esotropia, Alphabet patterns and their surgeries.

Aetiology and Affected Areas in brain stem syndromes, including saccades and smooth pursuit. Conditions include fovilles syndrome, webers, encephalopathy and more. - **Vascular causes**: Infarcts due to occlusion of small penetrating arteries (e.g., lateral medullary syndrome, also called Wallenberg syndrome), or larger artery strokes like basilar artery occlusion. - **Demyelinating diseases**: In conditions such as multiple sclerosis, plaques may form within brainstem white matter, leading...