MBBS

Salivary gland pathology includes inflammatory, obstructive, and neoplastic disorders of the salivary glands. Common conditions are sialadenitis, salivary stones, and tumors. Patients may present with swelling, pain, dry mouth, or a glandular mass, depending on the underlying cause.

Oral Ulcer is a painful break in the lining of the mouth caused by trauma, infection, nutritional deficiencies, stress, or systemic diseases. It presents with painful sores that may interfere with eating and speaking and usually heal within 1–2 weeks.

Pancreatic Cancer is a highly aggressive cancer, usually arising from the pancreatic ducts. Risk factors include smoking, chronic pancreatitis, diabetes, and increasing age. It commonly presents with painless jaundice, weight loss, abdominal pain, and has a poor prognosis due to late diagnosis.

Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas, most commonly caused by gallstones or alcohol abuse. It presents with severe epigastric pain radiating to the back, nausea, and vomiting. Complications may include pancreatic necrosis, infection, and organ failure.

Gallbladder Cancer is a rare but aggressive tumor, often associated with gallstones and chronic cholecystitis. It commonly presents with right upper abdominal pain, jaundice, weight loss, and may be diagnosed late due to nonspecific symptoms. Diagnosis is confirmed by imaging and biopsy.

Cholecystitis is inflammation of the gallbladder, usually caused by gallstones blocking the cystic duct. It presents with right upper abdominal pain, fever, nausea, and vomiting. Complications may include infection, gangrene, or perforation of the gallbladder.

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Liver Cirrhosis is a chronic condition in which normal liver tissue is replaced by fibrosis and regenerative nodules, leading to loss of liver function. Alcoholic Liver Disease is a common cause of cirrhosis due to long-term alcohol consumption. Patients may develop jaundice, ascites, portal hypertension, and liver failure.

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Hepatitis A is an acute viral liver infection spread through contaminated food or water and usually does not become chronic. Hepatitis B spreads through blood, sexual contact, and from mother to baby, and may lead to chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and liver cancer. Common symptoms of both include jaundice, fatigue, nausea, and abdominal pain.

Infective Lung Disease are caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites affecting the lungs. Common examples include Pneumonia and Tuberculosis. Symptoms include fever, cough, chest pain, sputum production, and shortness of breath.

Restrictive Lung Disease is characterized by decreased lung compliance and reduced lung volume, leading to difficulty in lung expansion. Common causes include pulmonary fibrosis, chest wall disorders, and neuromuscular diseases. Patients present with dry cough, dyspnea, and reduced oxygenation.

Obstructive Lung Disease is characterized by difficulty in expiration due to narrowed airways and airflow limitation. Common types include Asthma, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, bronchiectasis, and emphysema. Patients commonly present with cough, wheezing, and shortness of breath.

*Inflammatory Bowel disease* is a chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract that includes Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis. It causes abdominal pain, diarrhea, weight loss, and rectal bleeding due to immune-mediated intestinal inflammation. *Malabsorption disease* is a condition in which the intestine cannot properly absorb nutrients, vitamins, and minerals. Common causes include Celiac Disease, infections, and pancreatic disorders. It presents with chronic diarrhea, weight l...

Gastric tumors are abnormal growths in the stomach that may be benign or malignant, most commonly gastric carcinoma. Risk factors include Helicobacter pylori infection, chronic gastritis, smoking, and dietary factors. Symptoms include weight loss, abdominal pain, vomiting, and bleeding. Diagnosis is mainly by endoscopy and biopsy.

Gastritis is inflammation of the stomach lining caused by Helicobacter pylori infection, NSAIDs, alcohol, stress, or autoimmune disease. It causes epigastric pain, nausea, and vomiting, and may lead to ulceration or bleeding.

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